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安娜·卡列尼娜 Anna Karenina

基本知识

    在世界文学的巍巍群山中,堪与莎士比亚、歌德、巴尔扎克这几座高峰比肩而立的俄国作家当首推列夫·托尔斯泰(Leo Tolstoy)。托尔斯泰是一位有思想的艺术家,也是一位博学的艺术大师。他的作品展现的社会画面之广阔,蕴含的思想之丰饶,融会的艺术、语言、哲学、历史、民俗乃至自然科学等各种知识之广博,常常令人望洋兴叹。《安娜·卡列尼娜》是他的一部既美不胜收而又博大精深的巨著。

(图)Leo TolstoyLeo Tolstoy

    列夫托尔斯泰(1828-1910),俄国作家,19世纪末20世纪初最伟大的文学家,是世界文学史上最杰出的作家之一。他写了自传体小说三部曲:《童年》《少年》《青年》。他被称颂为具有“最清醒的现实主义”的“天才艺术家”。主要作品有长篇小说《战争与和平》《安娜·卡列尼娜》《复活》等,也创作了大量的童话,是大多数人所崇拜的对象。他的作品描写了俄国革命时的人民的顽强抗争,因此被称为“俄国十月革命的镜子”列宁曾称赞他创作了世界文学中“第一流”的作品。他的作品《七颗钻石》《跳水》《穷人》已被收入人教版小学语文书。罗曼·罗兰曾在《名人传》里对他进行赞扬。

内容简介

    《安娜·卡列尼娜》通过女主人公安娜追求爱情而失败的悲剧,和列文在农村面临危机而进行的改革与探索这两条线索,描绘了俄国从莫斯科到外省乡村广阔而丰富多彩的图景,先后描写了150多个人物,是一部社会百科全书式的作品。
  安娜·卡列尼娜的哥哥奥布朗斯基公爵已经有五个孩子,仍和英国家庭女教师恋爱,因此和妻子多丽闹翻,安娜从彼得堡乘车到莫斯科去在莫斯科为哥嫂调解,在车站认识了青年军官渥伦斯基。渥伦斯基毕业于贵族军官学校,后涉足于莫斯科社交界,以其翩翩风度得到了多丽的妹妹吉提的垂青,但他只与她调情,并无意与她结婚。而深爱着吉提的康斯坦丁·列文也从乡下来到莫斯科,他打算向吉提求婚。但早倾心于渥伦斯基的吉提却拒绝了他的求婚,她正想象着与渥伦斯基将来的幸福生活。渥伦斯基是一个身体强壮的、黝黑的男子,有着一副和蔼、漂亮而又异常沉静和果断的面孔。他的整个容貌和风采,令许多贵族小姐倾心。在他看到安娜的一刹那,那刻被安娜所俘虏,他在薛杰巴斯大林基公爵家的舞会上,向安娜大献殷勤。而吉提精心打扮想象着渥伦斯基要正式向她求婚,在吉提眼里,安娜·卡列尼娜是那样的出众:“她那穿着简朴的黑衣裳的姿态是迷人的,她那带着手镯的圆圆的手臂是迷人的,她那生气勃勃的,美丽的脸蛋是迷人的,在舞会上……”

(图)Anna KareninaAnna Karenina


  吉提发现渥伦斯基和安娜异常地亲热,这使她感到很苦闷。安娜不愿看到吉提痛苦,劝慰了兄嫂一番,便回彼得堡去了。随后渥伦斯基也来到彼得堡,开始对安娜的热烈的追求,他参加一切能见到安娜的舞会和宴会,从而引起上流社会的流言蜚语。起初,安娜还一直压抑着自己的情感,不久渥伦斯基的热情唤醒了安娜沉睡已久的爱情。安娜的丈夫亚历山大·卡列宁其貌不扬,在官场中却是个地位显赫的人物,是一个“完全醉心于功名”的人物。他根本不懂什么是倾心相爱的情感,他认为:他和安娜的结合是神的意志。他责备妻子行为有失检点,要她注意社会性的舆论,明白结婚的宗教意义,以及对儿女的责任。他并不在乎妻子和别人相好,“而是别人注意到才使他不安”。
  有一天,安娜与丈夫卡列宁一起去看一场盛大的赛马会,比赛中渥伦斯基从马上摔了下来,安娜情不自禁地大声惊叫,卡列宁认为安娜有失检点,迫使她提前退场。安娜无法忍受丈夫的虚伪与自私“我爱他……我憎恶你……”。卡列宁考虑了决斗但又怕死;离婚又损名誉,考虑再三最后决定“不能因为一个下贱的女人犯了罪的缘故使自己不幸”,于是他要安娜维持表面的夫妻关系。安娜已怀了渥伦斯基的孩子,在她分娩时,由于产褥热而感染重病,拍电报给到边远省份去调查的卡列宁,卡列宁匆匆赶回,但心里希望妻子早点死掉,安娜在昏迷中呼唤卡列宁的名字,请求他与渥伦斯基和好,卡列宁深受感动,原谅了她和渥伦斯基的背叛安娜 卡列尼娜的封面。由于卡列宁的令人吃惊的宽厚,渥伦斯基感到自己是那么的卑劣、渺小。安娜的爱情和自己的前途又是那么的渺茫,绝望、羞耻、负罪感使他举起了手枪自杀,但没有死。死而复生的安娜和渥伦斯基的爱情更加炽热,渥伦斯基带着安娜离开了彼得堡,他们到国外旅行去了。在奥勃朗斯基家的宴会上,列文与吉提彼此消除了隔阂,互相爱慕。不久他们结婚了,婚后他们回到列文的农庄,吉提亲自掌管家务,列文撰写农业改革的论文,他们生活很幸福美满。旅行了三个月,安娜感到无比的幸福,但她却以名誉和儿子为代价。归国后,她没有回家,而是住在旅馆里,由于思念儿子,在儿子谢辽沙生日那天,偷偷去看他,天真无邪的谢辽沙不放妈妈走,他含着泪说:“再没有比你更好的人了。”

(图)Anna KareninaAnna Karenina


  他们返回彼得堡,遭到冷遇,旧日的亲戚朋友拒绝与安娜往来,使她感到屈辱和痛苦。渥伦斯基被重新踏入社交界的欲望和舆论的压力所压倒,与安娜分居,尽量避免与她单独见面,这使安娜感到很难过,她责问道:“我们还相爱不相爱?别人我们用不着顾虑。”在一次晚会上,安娜受到卡尔塔索夫夫人的公开羞辱,回来后渥伦斯基却抱怨她,不该不听劝告去参加晚会。于是他们搬到渥伦斯基的田地庄上居住。渥伦斯基要安娜和卡列宁正式离婚,但她又担心儿子将来会看不起她。3个月过去了,离婚仍无消息。渥伦斯基对安娜越来越冷淡了,他常常上俱乐部去,把安娜一个人扔在家里,安娜要求渥伦斯基说明:假如他不再爱她,也请他老实说出来,渥伦斯基大为恼火。一次,渥伦斯基到他母亲那儿处理事务,安娜问他的母亲是否要为他说亲,他要安娜不要诽谤他尊敬的母亲,安娜认识到渥伦斯基的虚伪,因为他并不爱他的母亲。
  大吵之后,渥伦斯基愤然离去,她觉得一切都完了,安娜准备自己坐火车去找他,她想象着现在正和他母亲及他喜欢的小姐谈心,她回想起这段生活,明白了自己是一个被侮辱、被抛弃的人,她跑到车站,在候车室里接到了渥伦斯基的来信,说他10点钟才能回来,她决心“不让你折磨我了”,起了一种绝望而决心报复的心态,最后安娜身着一袭黑天鹅绒长裙,在火车站的铁轨前,让呼啸而过的火车结束了自己无望的爱情和生命,这段为道德和世间所不容的婚外情最后的结果由安娜独立承担,留下了无限感伤。卡列宁参加了安娜的葬礼,并把安娜生的女儿带走了。渥伦斯基受到良心的谴责,他志愿参军去塞尔维亚和土耳其作战,但愿求得一死。最后以安娜,沃伦斯基和凯蒂,列文做对比,对比了两个家庭的截然不同的结局。

英文片断赏析

1.All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
These famous opening lines of Anna Karenina hearken back to the genre of the family novel, a type of work that had been popular in Russia several decades earlier but was already outmoded by the 1870s. Tolstoy revisits this old genre in order to give his own spin on family values, which were a popular target of attack for young Russian liberals at the time. Moreover, this opening sentence of Anna Karenina sets a philosophical tone that persists throughout the work. It is not a narrative beginning that tells a story about particular characters and their actions. Rather, it is a generalization, much like a philosophical or scientific argument. It makes a universal statement and is set in the present tense rather than the novelist's preferred past tense. Tolstoy thus announces that he is more than just a novelist, and that his aims are greater than simply weaving a tale for us. He wants us to philosophize about happiness, in the grand tradition set by the philosopher Plato two thousand years earlier.

(图)Anna KareninaAnna Karenina


Yet it is no simple matter to relate this statement about family happiness to the novel as a whole. It is difficult to test the validity of the straightforward assertion that all happy families are alike, as we do not encounter any ideally happy families in Anna Karenina. The Oblonskys are torn apart by adultery and financial problems; the Karenins separate in scandal; and even Levin's happy marriage suffers jealous fits and frequent quarrels. Moreover, Tolstoy's statement produces mixed reactions in us: we want to be happy but we do not wish to be exactly like everyone else. The only way to preserve one's uniqueness—in one's “own way”—is by accepting unhappiness. This double bind is the same dilemma that the newly married Levin feels when he struggles between domestic satisfaction on one hand and the need for independence and individualism on the other. It is Tolstoy's version of the Christian idea of original sin: what makes us unique and human is also that which exiles us from happiness.

2.“Respect was invented to cover the empty place where love should be. But if you don't love me, it would be better and more honest to say so.”
In these lines from Part Seven, Chapter XXIV, Anna reproaches Vronsky for putting his mother's needs before hers. When Vronsky asks to postpone their move to the country a few days so that he can transact some business for Countess Vronsky first, Anna objects, prompting Vronsky to say it is a pity Anna does not respect his mother. Anna's response dismisses the very notion of respect in a rather surprising way. First, Anna makes an irrational connection between Vronsky's mother in the first sentence and herself in the second. Anna refers to the lack of love Vronsky must feel for his mother and then immediately—saying “But” as if continuing the same thought—refers to his lack of love for herself, Anna. We see clearly that, as in many marital quarrels, the apparent topic of conversation (Vronsky's respect for his mother) thinly covers the underlying topic of the spouses' relationship. Second, Anna's contrast between respect and love is startling, even illogical. Most of us value respect and do not consider it the opposite of love or a substitute for love. But we must remember Anna's situation: respect is a public virtue, while love is a private one, and Anna is an outcast from society with no hopes of public pardon. We cannot blame her for hating the social respect that will never be hers again. Moreover, Anna's anger at Vronsky retains traces of her frustration with Karenin. Respectability is Karenin's great concern, often to the detriment of his private life, as when he prefers keeping a rotten marriage that looks respectable to an honest divorce that would have the potential to accommodate love.

3. “. . . [M]y life now, my whole life, regardless of all that may happen to me, every minute of it, is not only not meaningless, as it was before, but has the unquestionable meaning of the good which it is in my power to put into it!”
In the closing lines of Anna Karenina, Levin's exuberant affirmation of his new faith and philosophy of life reminds us of Tolstoy's aim for his novel, which is philosophical as much as narrative. A typical novel might have ended with Anna's dramatic suicide, but Tolstoy's work concludes with an abstract philosophical statement. Levin's meditation also provides a final instance of how his experiences mirror Anna's. His beginning reflects Anna's end. Levin gains a claim to “my whole life . . . every minute of it” shortly after Anna has utterly lost her whole life. Levin's gain corresponds precisely to Anna's loss, in a symmetry typical of Tolstoy's careful structuring of the novel.
 
Levin's concluding meditation also mirrors Anna's last thoughts in its focus on the self. Just as Anna, on her fateful ride to the station, fixates on how we cannot escape ourselves, affirming darkly that we are always our own worst enemies, Levin also asserts here the central place of the self in existence. The difference is that Levin finds the self to be not a punisher, as Anna does, but a nurturer that puts value into life, as a farmer—such as Levin himself—puts seeds into the ground. Anna's self is a destroyer, while Levin's is a creator. Both selves are paramount in defining the reality of one's existence. This focus on the self as the center of existence links Tolstoy with the literary modernists that followed him, and helps explain Tolstoy's monumental impact on twentieth-century literature and thought.

英文小说下载

地址链接:Anna Karenina(1).EXE      Anna Karenina(2).EXE


 

外部链接

同名电影 在线观看http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XODQ1OTgwNjg=.html

                    http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/JtOlFd-XpWY/

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