Nathaniel Hawthorne
纳撒尼尔·霍桑是美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。爱伦·坡称他的小说“属于艺术的最高层次，一种服从于非常崇高级别的天才的艺术。
霍桑是一个思想上充满矛盾的作家，新英格兰的清教主义传统对他影响很深。一方面他反抗这个传统，抨击宗教狂热和狭隘、虚伪的宗教信条；另一方面他又受这个传统的束缚，以加尔文教派的善恶观念来认识社会和整个世界。作家赫·梅尔维尔曾指出，他的作品中渗透着“加尔文教派的 ‘人性本质’和‘原罪’的观念”。霍桑思想保守，对生产的发展和技术进步抱有抵触情绪，对社会改革持怀疑态度，对当时蓬勃开展的废奴运动不很理解。这些在他的作品中都有所流露。在艺术上他独具一格，擅长心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结构严谨。
他称自己的作品是人的“心理罗曼史”，故文学史家则常把他列为浪漫主义作家。其代表作是以殖民时期新英格兰生活为背景的长篇小说《红字》（1850）。小说通过一个受不合理婚姻束缚的少妇海丝特·白兰因犯“通奸”罪被监禁、示众和长期隔离的故事，暴露了政教合一体制统治下殖民地社会的冷酷虚伪，探讨了有关罪恶和人性的道德、哲理问题。其他著名作品，有描写祖先谋财害命其罪孽殃及子孙的长篇小说《带有七个尖角楼的房子》（1851），讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石雕像》（1860），揭示人人都有隐秘罪恶的短篇小说《教长的黑面纱》和表达作者正面理想的短篇小说《石面人像》等，长篇小说《红字》、《带有七个尖角楼的房子》、《玉石雕像》、《教长的黑面纱》、《石面人像》 等。
Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American
novelist and short story writer.
Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne
and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. He later changed his name to "Hawthorne", adding a "w"
to dissociate from relatives including John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials.
Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825; his classmates included future president Franklin Pierce and future poet
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled
Fanshawe, in 1828. He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected
in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a
Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842.
The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires,
then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession
of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to
The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three
children.
Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a
Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more
specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity,
and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works
include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.
霍桑是一个思想上充满矛盾的作家，新英格兰的清教主义传统对他影响很深。一方面他反抗这个传统，抨击宗教狂热和狭隘、虚伪的宗教信条；另一方面他又受这个传统的束缚，以加尔文教派的善恶观念来认识社会和整个世界。作家赫·梅尔维尔曾指出，他的作品中渗透着“加尔文教派的 ‘人性本质’和‘原罪’的观念”。霍桑思想保守，对生产的发展和技术进步抱有抵触情绪，对社会改革持怀疑态度，对当时蓬勃开展的废奴运动不很理解。这些在他的作品中都有所流露。在艺术上他独具一格，擅长心理描写，善于揭示人物的内心冲突。他把自己的小说称为“心理罗曼史”。他潜心挖掘隐藏在事物背后的不易觉察的意义，作品想象丰富，结构严谨。
他称自己的作品是人的“心理罗曼史”，故文学史家则常把他列为浪漫主义作家。其代表作是以殖民时期新英格兰生活为背景的长篇小说《红字》（1850）。小说通过一个受不合理婚姻束缚的少妇海丝特·白兰因犯“通奸”罪被监禁、示众和长期隔离的故事，暴露了政教合一体制统治下殖民地社会的冷酷虚伪，探讨了有关罪恶和人性的道德、哲理问题。其他著名作品，有描写祖先谋财害命其罪孽殃及子孙的长篇小说《带有七个尖角楼的房子》（1851），讨论善恶问题的长篇小说《玉石雕像》（1860），揭示人人都有隐秘罪恶的短篇小说《教长的黑面纱》和表达作者正面理想的短篇小说《石面人像》等，长篇小说《红字》、《带有七个尖角楼的房子》、《玉石雕像》、《教长的黑面纱》、《石面人像》 等。
Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864) was an American
novelist and short story writer.
Nathaniel Hathorne was born in 1804 in the city of Salem, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Hathorne
and Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne. He later changed his name to "Hawthorne", adding a "w"
to dissociate from relatives including John Hathorne, a judge during the Salem Witch Trials.
Hawthorne attended Bowdoin College, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in 1824, and graduated in 1825; his classmates included future president Franklin Pierce and future poet
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Hawthorne anonymously published his first work, a novel titled
Fanshawe, in 1828. He published several short stories in various periodicals which he collected
in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The next year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He worked at a
Custom House and joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist community, before marrying Peabody in 1842.
The couple moved to The Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving to Salem, the Berkshires,
then to The Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed by a succession
of other novels. A political appointment took Hawthorne and family to Europe before their return to
The Wayside in 1860. Hawthorne died on May 19, 1864, leaving behind his wife and their three
children.
Much of Hawthorne's writing centers around New England, many works featuring moral allegories with a
Puritan inspiration. His fiction works are considered part of the Romantic movement and, more
specifically, dark romanticism. His themes often center on the inherent evil and sin of humanity,
and his works often have moral messages and deep psychological complexity. His published works
include novels, short stories, and a biography of his friend Franklin Pierce.
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