形容词的类型
形容词的类型
形容词大体上可以分为下面几类:
● 品质形容词(Qualitative Adjectives)
● 类属形容词(Classifying Adjectives)
● 颜色形容词(Color Adjectives)
● 强调形容词(Emphasizing Adjectives)
● –ing形容词(-ing Adjectives)
● –ed形容词(-ed Adjectives)
● 合成形容词(Compound Adjectives)
有些语法学家把作定语的代词都称为形容词(具体可参阅A Practical English Grammar第三章),美国词典也多把他们标作形容词(如this,some都标作形容词),有些英国语法学家则把它们称为限定词。
品质形容词
英语中大量形容词属于这一类,它们表示人或物的品质,如:
He’s the happiest man on the earth. 他是世界上最快乐的人。
She looks very healthy. 她看起来身体很好。
The play was boring. 那出戏很枯燥乏味。
It was a lovely quiet beach. 这是一片美丽而宁静的海滩。
He is a humorous magician. 他是位富于幽默感的魔术师。
You have an honest face. 你有一张诚实的脸。
这类形容词常见的有:
active angry anxious attractive bad beautiful
big brief bright broad busy calm
careful cheap clean clear cold comfortable
common complex cool curious dangerous dark
dear deep different difficult dirty dry
easy effective efficient expensive fair familiar
famous fast fat fine firm flat
frank free fresh funny good great
happy hard heavy high hot important
joyful kind large late light likely
long loose loud lovely low lucky
narrow nervous new nice obvious odd
old pale patient plain pleasant poor
popular powerful pretty proud quick quiet
rare reasonable rich rough sad safe
sensible serious sharp short sick significant
silly simple slow small soft special
strange strong stupid successful suitable sure
sweet tall terrible thick thin tight
tiny useful violent warm weak wet
wide wild young
这类形容词一般都能用于比较级,如bigger,simpler,younger。
类属形容词
这类形容词表示属于哪一类,如:
In that case they would receive financial aid from the state. 如果出现那种情况,他们将获得国家的财政援助。
We must learn to use our cultural heritage. 我们应学会利用我们的文化遗产。
These subjects reflect our daily lives. 这些题材反映我们的日常生活。
This medicine is for external use only. 此药仅供外用(不能内服)。
常见的这类形容词有:
absolute agricultural alternative annual apparent
available basic central chemical civil
commercial communist conservative cultural daily
democratic direct domestic double due
east eastern economic educational electric
empty external female financial foreign
free full general golden historical
human ideal independent industrial inevitable
intellectual internal international legal local
magic male medical mental military
modern moral national natural negative
north northern nuclear official open
original personal physical political positive
possible potential private professional proper
public raw ready real religious
revolutionary right royal rural scientific
separate sexual single social solid
south southern standard straight sufficient
theoretical traditional urban west western
wooden wrong
这类形容词一般都不能用于比较级。
颜色形容词
有少数表示颜色的形容词,如:His face went purple with rage. 他的脸气得发青(紫)。
He’s got scarlet fever. 他患了猩红热。
She had on a blue coat. 她穿了一件蓝色的外套。
Carrots are orange. 胡萝卜是橘红色的。
这类形容词主要有:
black blue brown cream crimson green
grey orange pink purple red scarlet
violet white yellow
这类词前面还可以加light,pale,dark,deep,bright等词,如:
light brown hair 淡褐色的头发 a pale green dress 淡绿色的裙服
a deep blue shirt 深蓝色的裙子 a dark grey suit 深灰色的套服
后面还可加-ish这样的词尾:
yellowish teeth 微黄的牙齿 reddish hair 略带红色的头发
a greenish-yellow tinge 黄中带绿的颜色 eyes of bluish green 绿中带蓝的眼睛
强调形容词
有些形容词起强调作用,如:He was a total stranger to me. 他对我来说完全是个陌生人。
It’s an utter mystery. 这完全是个谜。
That’s sheer nonsense. 这纯粹是胡说八道。
I have perfect trust in his judgment. 我绝对信任他的判断力。
常见的这类形容词有:
absolute complete entire outright perfect positive
pure real sheer total true utter
-ing形容词
1)有大量现在分词正在或已经变为形容词,如:
It was a tiring journey. 这是一趟累人的旅行。(The journey tired me.)
This is a convincing argument. 这是个有说服力的论据。(It convinces us.)
She is pleasing in her appearance. 她的模样很喜人。(She pleases us.)
It has a satisfying ending. 它的结局令人满意。(It satisfies us.)
这类形容词多由及物动词变来,常见的这类形容词有:
alarming amazing amusing annoying appalling
astonishing bewildering boring challenging charming
confusing convincing demanding depressing devastating
disappointing disgusting distressing disturbing embarrassing
enchanting encouraging exciting frightening humiliating
infuriating inspiring interesting intimidating misleading
mocking overwhelming pleasing refreshing relaxing
rewarding satisfying shocking startling surprising
tempting terrifying threatening thrilling tiring
这类形容词有很多也是品质形容词,有时可用于最高级(如most amazing, most disappointing).
2)还有一些-ing形容词和补给无动词有关,如:
We hope to lessen the existing tension. 我们希望缓解目前的紧张局势。
(比较:Obstacles to agreement still exist. 达成协议的障碍仍然存在。)
I have been fighting the prevailing decadence for years. 多年来我一直在和盛行的颓废现象作斗争。
(比较:Truth will prevail. 真理将占上风。)
Rising crime has driven many families out of downtown areas. 上升的犯罪率迫使许多家庭迁离市区。
(比较:Prices continued to rise. 物价继续上涨。)
He’s the one of the greatest living composers. 他是当今最伟大的作曲家之一。
(比较:The birds live only on this island. 这种鸟只生活在该岛上。)
常见的这类形容词有:
ageing ailing bleeding booming bursting
decreasing diminishing dwindling dying existing
increasing living prevailing recurring reigning
remaining resounding rising ruling
这类形容词只能作定语,不能用于比较级。
3)还有一些-ing形容词并不与动词有关,如:
neighbouring cities 邻近的城市 a cunning trick 狡猾的计谋
an impending disaster 即将来临的灾难 an enterprising woman 有事业心的女子
a balding man 头发日稀的人 an appetizing smell 引起食欲的香味
还有少数-ing形容词,包含一个副词:
the outgoing mail 准备寄出的邮件 the forthcoming election 即将到来的选举
outlying areas 偏远地区 an overbearing manner 傲慢的态度
an ongoing debate 在进行的辩论 the incoming president 新选的总统
an oncoming car 在开来的汽车 an outstanding writer 杰出的作家
-ed形容词
1)大多数-ed形容词都与及物动词有关,是由它们的过去分词变过来的,一般有被动意义,多数为品质形容词,如:She looked embarrassed. 她好像很尴尬。
These people are from distressed areas. 这些人来自贫苦地区。
She had confused feelings about him. 她对他有一种混杂的感情。
I could hear this agitated voice. 我可以听到他激动地声音。
I felt depressed. 我感到很沮丧。
常见的这类形容词有:
agitated alarmed amazed amused appalled
astonished bored confused contented delighted
depressed deprived disappointed disgusted disillusioned
distressed embarrassed excited frightened interested
pleased puzzled satisfied shocked surprised
tired troubled worried
2)有些-ed形容词可说是类属形容词,也由动词的过去分词变来,但不能用于比较级,如:
You have to pass the required examination to become a doctor. 你需要通过规定的考试才能成为医生。
It was only a small cut, but it became infected. 这只是一个小口子,但已被感染了。
She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。
He has very fixed ideas of how a wife should behave. 他对一个妻子应怎样处事有着很固执的看法。
常见的这类形容词有:
abandoned armed boiled broken canned
classified closed cooked divided dried
established fixed furnished haunted hidden
improved infected integrated known licensed
loaded paid painted processed reduced
required torn trained united wasted
3)有少数-ed形容词,不是由动词,而是由名词变来的:
a principled stand 原则立场 skilled workers 技术工人
salaried class 工薪阶层 armored vehicles 装甲车
a gifted pianist 有天赋的钢琴家 winged insects 有翅膀的昆虫
a flowered headscarf 印花头巾 barbed wire 铁丝网
还有少数-ed形容词,和动词和名词都没有关系:
beloved leaders 受爱戴的领导 concerted effort 协同努力
his deceased aunt 他死去的姨 assorted sweets 杂拌糖
sophisticated equipment 尖端设备 rugged country 崎岖不平的田野
4)有些-ed形容词包含有副词:
a well-equipped army 一支装备精良的部队 strongly-motivated students 学习动力强的学生
simply-furnished rooms 陈设简单的房间 a well-known musician 著名的音乐家
a cautiously-worked statement 一篇措辞严谨的声明 smartly-dressed ladies 穿着漂亮的女士们
a tall, powerfully-built man 身材高大魁梧的男子 highly-developed industry 高度发展的工业
合成形容词
1) 合成形容词在英语中是比较普遍的,最常见的有下面几类:
a. 形容词+名词+ed:
good-natured 天性善良的 soft-hearted 心肠很软的
sweet-tempered 脾气很好的 narrow-minded 心地狭窄的
b. 副词+过去分词:
low-paid 工资很低的 well-bred 很有教养的
far-fetched 牵强附会的 poorly-written 写得很差的
c. 形容词+现在分词:
fine-sounding 动听的 nice-looking 漂亮的
easy-going 好说话的 sweet-tasting 有甜味的
d. 副词+现在分词:
hard-working 勤劳的 far-reaching 深远的
low-lying 低洼的 long-standing 长期存在的
e. 名词+现在分词:
time-consuming 费时间的 labor-saving 节省劳动力的
heart-breaking 令人心碎的 trouble-making 捣乱的
f. 形容词+名词:
present-day(life) 当代的生活 white-collar(staff)白领(员工)
full-time(staff)全时工作(员工) high-class(restaurant)高级(餐馆)
2) 还有一些其他类型的合成形容词,如:
a tree-lined avenue 林荫大道(名词+过去分词)
duty-free shops 免税商店(名词+形容词)
a two-piece suit 两件套的西服(数词+名词)
cast-off shoes 丢弃的鞋(过去分词+副词)
all-out attempt 全力以赴的努力(副词+副词)
take-home pay (扣税等后的)实得工资(动词+副词)
3) 还有一些三个或更多词构成的合成形容词,如:
wait-and-see policy 观望政策 heart-to-heart talk 推心置腹的谈话
wall-to-wall carpet 满铺地毯 well-to-do families 富裕家庭
the day-to-day administration 日常行政工作 an out-of-date driving license 过期驾照
a life-and-death struggle 生死斗争 state-of-the-art technology 尖端科技
an out-of-the-way place 偏僻之地
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