沉思录

沉思录

　马可·奥勒留（121-180），古罗马帝国皇帝、最重要的斯多葛派哲学家之一。他生命最后的十年历经战乱、灾难和帝国的衰落，却在鞍马劳顿之中创作了这部写给自己的十三卷书。这部不朽之作是一份对人类有史以来所进行的最伟大的自我心灵交流的记录。

　　《沉思录》原为古罗马皇帝奥勒留自我对话的记录，行文质朴，不尚雕琢，然而由于发诸内心，灵性内蕴，故充塞着一股浩然之气，令人高山仰止，有一种深沉的崇高之美。
　　正因为它出诸内心，不加掩饰，所以我们方能窥见作者如何在忙碌的人生路上，以自己的经验为材料，沉思人生大义，领悟宇宙迷题，从中升华自己的智慧和心灵。
　　哲学原来并非如后世的哲学教科书那般呆板枯燥，如一堆殿堂上的木偶，而是一潭活水，流泻在人生的小道之上、山水之间，由涉足其间的沉思者随手掬来，涤荡心胸。所以读《沉思录》，固然可以正襟危坐，条剖理析；也可以于闲暇之时，憩息之余，捡起来随意翻读。

Book One

FROM my grandfather Verus I learned good morals and the government of my temper.
从我的祖父维勒斯，我学习到弘德和制怒。

From the reputation and remembrance of my father, modesty and a manly character.
从我父亲的名声及对他的追忆， 我懂得了谦虚和果敢。

From my mother, piety and beneficence, and abstinence, not only from evil deeds, but even from evil thoughts; and further, simplicity in my way of living, far removed from the habits of the rich.
从我的母亲，我濡染了虔诚、仁爱和不仅戒除恶行，甚而戒除恶念的品质，以及远离奢侈的简朴生活方式。

From my great-grandfather, not to have frequented public schools, and to have had good teachers at home, and to know that on such things a man should spend liberally.
从我的曾祖父那里，我懂得了不要时常出入公共学校，而是要在家里有好的教师；懂得了在这些事情上一个人要不吝钱财。

From my governor, to be neither of the green nor of the blue party at the games in the Circus, nor a partizan either of the Parmularius or the Scutarius at the gladiators' fights; from him too I learned endurance of labour, and to want little, and to work with my own hands, and not to meddle with other people's affairs, and not to be ready to listen to slander.
从我的老师那里，我明白了不要介入马戏中的任何一派，也不要陷入角斗戏中的党争；我从他也爱会了忍受劳作、清心寡欲、事必躬亲，不干涉他人事务和不轻蕉流言诽谤。

From Diognetus, not to busy myself about trifling things, and not to give credit to what was said by miracle-workers and jugglers about incantations and the driving away of daemons and such things; and not to breed quails for fighting, nor to give myself up passionately to such things; and to endure freedom of speech; and to have become intimate with philosophy; and to have been a hearer, first of Bacchius, then of Tandasis and Marcianus; and to have written dialogues in my youth; and to have desired a plank bed and skin, and whatever else of the kind belongs to the Grecian discipline.
从戴奥吉纳图斯，我学会了不使自己碌碌于琐事，不相信术士巫师之言，驱除鬼怪精灵和类似的东西；学会了不畏惧也不热衷于战斗；学会了让人说话；学会了亲近哲学。我先是巴克斯，然后是坦德西斯、马尔塞勒斯的一个倾听者，我年青时学习写过对话，向往卧人硬板床和衣粗毛皮，从他，我还学会了其他所有属于希腊学问的东西。

From Rusticus I received the impression that my character required improvement and discipline; and from him I learned not to be led astray to sophistic emulation, nor to writing on speculative matters, nor to delivering little hortatory orations, nor to showing myself off as a man who practises much discipline, or does benevolent acts in order to make a display; and to abstain from rhetoric, and poetry, and fine writing; and not to walk about in the house in my outdoor dress, nor to do other things of the kind; and to write my letters with simplicity, like the letter which Rusticus wrote from Sinuessa to my mother; and with respect to those who have offended me by words, or done me wrong, to be easily disposed to be pacified and reconciled, as soon as they have shown a readiness to be reconciled; and to read carefully, and not to be satisfied with a superficial understanding of a book; nor hastily to give my assent to those who talk overmuch; and I am indebted to him for being acquainted with the discourses of Epictetus, which he communicated to me out of his own collection.
从拉斯蒂克斯，我领悟到我的品格需要改进和训练，知道不迷误于诡辩的竞赛，不写作投机的东西，不进行繁琐的劝诫，不显示自己训练有素，或者做仁慈的行为以图炫耀；学会了避免辞藻华丽、构思精巧的写作；不穿着出门用的衣服在室内行走及别的类似事件；学会了以朴素的风格写信，就像拉斯蒂克斯从锡纽埃瑟给我的母亲写的信一样；对于那些以言词冒犯我，或者对我做了错事的人，一旦他们表现出和解的意愿，就乐意地与他们和解；从他，我也学会了仔细地阅读，不满足于表面的理解，不轻率地同意那些夸夸其谈的人；我亦感谢他使我熟悉了埃比克太德的言论，那是他从自己的收藏中传授给我的。

From Apollonius I learned freedom of will and undeviating steadiness of purpose; and to look to nothing else, not even for a moment, except to reason; and to be always the same, in sharp pains, on the occasion of the loss of a child, and in long illness; and to see clearly in a living example that the same man can be both most resolute and yielding, and not peevish in giving his instruction; and to have had before my eyes a man who clearly considered his experience and his skill in expounding philosophical principles as the smallest of his merits; and from him I learned how to receive from friends what are esteemed favours, without being either humbled by them or letting them pass unnoticed.
从阿珀洛尼厄斯，我懂得了意志的自由，和目标的坚定不移；懂得了在任何时候都要依赖理性，而不依赖任何别的东西；懂得了在失子和久病的剧烈痛苦中镇定如常；从他，我也清楚地看到了一个既坚定又灵活，在教导人时毫不暴躁的活的榜样；看到了一个清醒地不以他解释各种哲学原则时的经验和艺术自傲的人；从他，我也学会了如何从值得尊敬的朋友那里得到好感而又丝毫不显得卑微，或者对他们置若罔闻。

From Sextus, a benevolent disposition, and the example of a family governed in a fatherly manner, and the idea of living conformably to nature; and gravity without affectation, and to look carefully after the interests of friends, and to tolerate ignorant persons, and those who form opinions without consideration: he had the power of readily accommodating himself to all, so that intercourse with him was more agreeable than any flattery; and at the same time he was most highly venerated by those who associated with him: and he had the faculty both of discovering and ordering, in an intelligent and methodical way, the principles necessary for life; and he never showed anger or any other passion, but was entirely free from passion, and also most affectionate; and he could express approbation without noisy display, and he possessed much knowledge without ostentation.
从塞克斯都，我看到了一种仁爱的气质，一个以慈爱方式管理家庭的榜样和合乎自然地生活的观念，看到了毫无矫饰的庄严，为朋友谋利的细心，对无知者和那些不假思索发表意见的人的容忍：他有一种能使自己和所有人欣然相处的能力，以致和他交往的愉快胜过任何奉承，同时，他又受到那些与其交往者的高度尊敬。他具有一种以明智和系统的方式发现和整理必要的生活原则的能力，他从不表现任何愤怒或别的激情，完全避免了激情而同时又温柔宽厚，他能够表示嘉许而毫不罗嗦，拥有渊博知识而毫不矜夸。

From Alexander the grammarian, to refrain from fault-finding, and not in a reproachful way to chide those who uttered any barbarous or solecistic or strange-sounding expression; but dexterously to introduce the very expression which ought to have been used, and in the way of answer or giving confirmation, or joining in an inquiry about the thing itself, not about the word, or by some other fit suggestion.
从文法家亚历山大，我学会了避免挑剔，不去苛责那些表达上有粗俗、欠文理和生造等毛病的人们，而是灵巧地通过回答的方式、证实的方式、探讨事物本身而非词汇的方式，或者别的恰当启示，来引出那应当使用的正确表达。

From Fronto I learned to observe what envy, and duplicity, and hypocrisy are in a tyrant, and that generally those among us who are called Patricians are rather deficient in paternal affection.
从弗朗特，我学会了观察仅仅在一个暴君那里存在的嫉妒、伪善和口是心蜚非，知道我们中间那些被称为上流人的一般是相当缺乏仁慈之情的。

From Alexander the Platonic, not frequently nor without necessity to say to any one, or to write in a letter, that I have no leisure; nor continually to excuse the neglect of duties required by our relation to those with whom we live, by alleging urgent occupations.
从柏拉图派学者亚历山大，我懂得了不必经常但也不是无需对人说话或写信，懂得了我没有闲暇；懂得了我们并不是总能以紧迫事务的借口来推卸对与自己一起生活的那些人的义务。

From Catulus, not to be indifferent when a friend finds fault, even if he should find fault without reason, but to try to restore him to his usual disposition; and to be ready to speak well of teachers, as it is reported of Domitius and Athenodotus; and to love my children truly.
从克特勒斯，我懂得了当一个朋友抱怨，即使是无理地抱怨时也不能漠然置之，而是要试图使他恢复冷静；懂得了要随时准备以好言相劝，正像人们所说的多米蒂厄斯和雅特洛多图斯一样。从他，我也懂得了真诚地爱我的孩子。

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