常见计算机操作系统

An operating system is the software on a computer that manages the way different programs use its hardware, and regulates the ways that a user controls the computer.

In computer science, UNIX is a multiuser, multitasking operating system originally developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in 1969 for use on minicomputers. UNIX exists in various forms and implementations. UNIX is considered a powerful operating system which, because it is written in the C language, is more portable—less machine-specific—than other operating systems.
在计算机科学中，UNIX是一种多用户、多任务处理操作系统，最初由肯•汤普森和丹尼斯•里奇于1969年在美国电话电报公司的贝尔实验室里开发，用于小型计算机。UNIX以各种形式和实现方式存在。UNIX被认为是一种功能强大的操作系统。因为是用C语言编写的，它比其他操作系统更具有可移植性——受机器限制比较少。

Its popularity is due mostly to the growth of the interconnected computer network known as the Internet, the software for which initially was designed for computers that ran UNIX. Variations of UNIX include SunOS (distributed by SUN Microsystems Inc.9), Xenix (distributed by Microsoft Corporation), and Linux10. UNIX and its clones support multitasking and multiple users. Its file system provides a simple means of organizing disk files and lets users protect their files from other users. The commands in UNIX are not intuitive, however, and mastering the system is difficult.
UNIX的流行，在很大程度上是由于被称作因特网的计算机互联网络的发展，因为因特网使用的软件最初是为运行UNIX的计算机设计的。UNIX的变种包括SunOS（由太阳微系统股份有限公司发布）、Xenix和Linux。UNIX及其克隆产品支持多任务处理和多个用户。其文件系统提供了一种编排磁盘文件的简便方法，并允许用户保护其文件而防范其他用户。然而，UNIX中的命令不很直观，要掌握这个系统比较困难。

Linux is an OS that was initially created as a hobby by a young student, Linus Torvalds, at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linus had

 an interest in Minix, a small UNIX system, and decided to develop a system that exceeded the Minix standards. He began his work in 1991 when he released version 0.02 and worked steadily until 1994 when version 1.0 of the Linux Kernel was released. The kernel, the heart of all Linux systems, is developed and released under the GNU general public license and its source code is freely available to everyone. It is this kernel that forms the basis around which a Linux OS is developed. There are now literally hundreds of companies and organizations and an equal number of individuals that have released their own versions of OS based on the Linux kernel.
Linux最初由一位芬兰首都赫尔辛基大学的年轻学生作为爱好而创建的操作系统，该学生名为Linus Torvalds。李纳斯对Minix系统感兴趣，该Minix系统是一个小的Unix系统，于是李纳斯决定开发一个超越Minix标准的系统。他在1991年开始工作并发行了Linux0.02版本，坚定不移的工作到1994年Linux内核一点零版本的发行。内核是所有Linux系统的核心它是在GNU通用公共许可写一下而被开发和发行的并且任何人都可以免费获得它的源代码。这个内核是开发Linux操作系统的基础，现在实际上有几百家公司和组织以及几百个个人已经发表了他们的基于Linux内核的操作系统版本。

MS-DOS is the abbreviation of Microsoft Disk Operating System. In computer science, MS-DOS—like other operating systems—oversees such operations as disk input and output, video support, keyboard control, and many internal functions related to program execution and file maintenance. MS-DOS is a single-tasking, single-user operating system with a command-line interface.
MS-DOS是“微软磁盘操作系统”的缩写。在计算机科学中，MS-DOS同其他操作系统一样，管理下面一类的操作：磁盘输入与输出、视频支持、键盘控制以及与程序执行和文件维护有关的许多内部功能。MS-DOS是带有命令行界面的单任务处理、单用户操作系统。

DOS controls every part of the microcomputer system. DOS not only makes it possible for your other programs to work, it also gives you complete control over what your computer does and how it performs these tasks. DOS is the link between you and your computer.
微机系统的每个部分都由DOS控制。它不仅能使你的其他程序能在微机上运行，而且能让你完全控制计算机去做什么以及如何去执行这些任务，用户和计算机是通过DOS联系起来的。

OS/2, or Operating System 2, is an operating system developed for the personal computer in the mid-1980s by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) and Microsoft Corporation. At the time OS/2 was introduced in late 1987, the most common personal computers were IBM-compatible computers running the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) and computers manufactured by Apple Computer Corporation running Apple’s system for the Macintosh (Mac OS). The Macintosh operating system included multitasking, a feature that enabled computers to run several applications simultaneously. In a computer network, multitasking allows several users on different computers to have simultaneous access to the same application or data set. OS/2 was the first operating system designed for IBM-compatible personal computers that allowed multitasking.
OS/2，或称“第二代操作系统”，是20世纪80年代中期由IBM公司和微软公司为个人计算机开发的一种操作系统。1987年末，OS/2推出时，最常见的个人计算机是运行MS-DOS的IBM兼容机和由苹果计算机公司生产、运行其麦金托什个人计算机操作系统（Mac OS）的计算机。麦金托什个人计算机操作系统包含多任务处理功能，一个使计算机能够同时运行数个应用程序的特征。在一个计算机网络中，多任务处理允许不同计算机上的数个用户同时访问同一个应用程序或数据集。OS/2是为IBM兼容个人计算机设计、允许多任务处理的第一个操作系统。

Microsoft Windows is an operating system based on graphics, which is the most widely used operating system in the world today. Its user’s

friendly platform has changed the way we interact with computers; therefore, it is easily learned and understood by a beginning computer user.
微软的Windows操作系统是基于图形的操作系统，它是当今世界上使用最广泛的操作系统。其用户友好的平台已经改变了我们与计算机交互作用的方式。因此，它容易为那些计算机初级用户所理解和学习。

The Windows GUI is designed to be a natural, or intuitive, work environment for the user. With Windows, the user can move a cursor around on

 the computer screen with a mouse. By pointing the cursor at icons and clicking buttons on the mouse, the user can issue commands to the computer to perform an action, such as starting a program, accessing a data file, or copying a data file. Other commands can be reached through pull-down orclick-on menu items. The computer displays the active area in which the user is working as a window on the computer screen. The currently active window may overlap with other previously active windows that remain open on the screen. This type of GUI is said to include WIMP1 features: windows, icons, menus, and pointing device (such as a mouse).
Windows图形用户界面旨在为用户提供一个自然或直观的工作环境。使用Windows，用户可以用鼠标在计算机屏幕上移动光标。通过将光标指向图标并点击鼠标上的按钮，用户可以给计算机发出命令，让其执行一个动作，如启动一个程序、访问一个数据文件或复制一个数据文件。其他命令可以通过下拉或点击式菜单项来访问。计算机将用户正在工作的活动区域显示为计算机屏幕上的窗口。当前正在使用的活动窗口可以与先前使用的、仍然在屏幕上打开着的其他活动窗口重叠。这种类型的图形用户界面被说成是包含了WIMP特征：窗口、图标、菜单和指点设备（如鼠标）。