改革开放30年经典新闻热词

一国两制 One Country, Two Systems

An idea formally put forward by Deng Xiaoping, then leader of China, in the early 1980s to reunify the country.

Deng suggested that there should only be one China, but the regions of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, once reunified with the rest of the country, could retain their original economic and political systems while other parts keep pursuing socialism.

This arrangement was observed when the country resumed sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao in 1997 and 1999 respectively. The two cities are now the special administrative regions of the country with a high degree of autonomy.

The central government has also proposed the idea to the Taiwan authorities to speed up the reunification of China.

三通Three Direct Links

Shorthand for direct links in post, transportation and trade between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan. Direct communication across the Taiwan Straits in most social and economical terms virtually stopped after the Kuomintang forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949. And the contacts, if any, were routed through intermediate places, mainly Hong Kong and Macao.

In the early 1980s, the central government appealed to the Taiwan authorities for opening "three links". The latter has consistently refused, but had to make concessions in the face of growing cross-Straits exchanges. "Three mini-links" was opened in 2001 between Fujian Province and the islands of Jinmen and Matsu in Taiwan. Cross-Straits charter flights were approved in 2003 for the Lunar New Year and the flights were arranged in 2006 for three other traditional Chinese festivals.

和谐社会A Harmonious society

A blueprint for social development featuring decent living standards for the majority of people, a tolerant society and peaceful coexistence between the human society and nature.

The concept was first floated in 2004 and then amplified in October 2006, when the Party set specific goals for building a harmonious society by 2020. The goals range from fostering the rule of law, substantial protection for private property, developed public services to foster creativity and more efficient use of resources.

Stemming from ancient Chinese ideas about harmony, the blueprint underlines the need to fine tune relations between different social entities. The idea also appears in the country's foreign policy, particularly its call for "a harmonious world".

大部制 Super-Ministry System

A very recent idea to restructure central government offices so that ministries, commissions and departments of the State Council with similar or overlapping functions can be merged into super-ministries. This scheme has been introduced in a reshuffle of the State Council approved by the National People's Congress in March to improve efficiency, reduce the cost of policy making and its execution, and straighten out problematic chains of command. Five super-ministries respectively overseeing industry, transport, housing and construction, human resources and the environment were established.

Based upon the current changes, the central government vowed to undertake further administrative reforms in the future.

三个代表 Three Represents

Shorthand for the call that the Communist Party of China (CPC) provides insight and leadership for economic and cultural progress, and commit itself to public good.

Former CPC General Secretary Jiang Zemin, who was credited with its creation, literally admonished his comrades to "represent the development trend of China's most advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's most advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people".

The theory is the result of deliberations of the CPC's third-generation leaders on legitimacy and Party-building. At the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, it was formally written into the Party Constitution.

"三农"问题 Issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area

A short term for the issues related with agriculture, farmer and rural area. Formally raised by researchers on rural issues in the late 1980s, the issues were regarded as of high importance for the country's economic and social development.

After fixing numerous policies to nurture agriculture, improve the life of farmers and speed the development of rural areas, the central government pointed out during the 2004 Central Economic Work Conference that these issues were "the most important of all the important works for the Party". And more policies and measures are put in place in this regard.

两限房 House of "Two Limits"

Houses with lower prices and limited areas specially for families with low or middle income. In May 2006, the State Council required local governments to boost the supply of houses at low and middle prices to ensure the families of modest income could afford them. Specific guidelines about the qualifications and the details of the property transfer are set by local governments.

Houses of "two limits" are usually sold at a price 30 percent lower than the market price. In Beijing, families with an annul income under 88,000 yuan and a per capita dwelling space under 15 square meters are eligible to apply for houses of "two limits".

农村税费改革 Rural Tax and Fee Reform

A reform in rural areas to ease the financial burden on farmers.

In 2000, a pilot program was started in Anhui province under which the agricultural tax rate was cut, other agriculture-related taxes and fees were either written off or merged. The central government subsidized local governments through transfer payments to balance their reduced revenue.

The pilot program was soon extended to other regions and the agricultural tax was totally done away with in 2006 throughout the country, marking the completion of this reform. Now farmers do not pay any tax except those growing tobacco.

"三沿"地区开放 Opening-up of seashore, river shore and border areas

A policy to open the areas along the coast, along the major inland rivers and those on the country's borderline to foreign investors and stimulate the economic development with their geographic advantages. Since China launched the opening-up policy in the late 1970s, it chose four cities in southeast coastal areas and established special economic zones as a pilot program. In 1984, 14 port cities along the coastline were opened to foreign investors and businesses. The Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta were opened up in 1985. And four cities on the country's northern borderline followed suit in 1990.

Based on the experiences from the special economic zones, this policy is an important step in spreading the opening-up strategy across the country.

农村土地承包制 Rural Land Contract System

A fundamental economic system in rural areas guaranteeing farmers' rights to land owned by the collectives and the State by signing long-term contracts. Since the household responsibility system became an accepted form of agricultural land tenure in the early 1980s, the State formally approved farmers' rights to rural land in 1986 by stipulating all farmers have the right to undertake rural land contracts based upon families in the General Principles of the Civil Law. In 2002, a specific law governing rural land contract granted farmers inheritance rights to their land and the ability to exchange land with one another, to sub-rent, to pool land and to mortgage it for credit. The land contract has an extendable term of at least 30 years and cannot be suspended without bilateral agreements.

抓大放小 Restructuring Major Enterprises and Relaxing Control over Small Ones

A strategy for reforming the State-owned enterprises stressing that the major enterprises in key sectors should be supported to gain further development while the smaller ones should compete in the market.

Initiated in the mid-1990s when the country tried to step up the efficiency of State-owned enterprises as a whole, the strategy was formally accepted as a principle for reforming the public-owned economy in 1997. Big public enterprises were encouraged to develop into groups or establish partnership with each other. Smaller public enterprises were reformed flexibly through market-oriented means, like becoming shareholding businesses, acquisition and merger and contracting managing rights to individuals.

经济适用房 Economical Housing

Housing sold at low prices to low-income earners to get them affordable shelters. Starting in 1998, the central government decided to offer favorable policies to housing developers so that they could build apartments of specified sizes and prices. Families with living floor space or income under given standards could apply for purchasing the apartments at prices much lower than the market prices. Eligibility standards for purchasing economical housing are set by provincial authorities according to local situations. Economical housing is subject to special clauses for trading in market, which discourage profiting from the property. It is an integrated part of the State efforts to shelter groups with limited financial resources.

蛤蟆镜 goggles

蛤蟆镜其实就是太阳镜的一种，流行于上世纪80年代初以后，由于其夸张的造型而被戏称为“蛤蟆镜”。改革开放初期，国门打开，社会复苏，人们的生活在不知不觉中发生着变化。蛤蟆镜等装扮动摇了中国人数十年的整齐划一和单调乏味，成了年轻人流行文化里最初的冒险，“引领时代新潮流”。

交谊舞 ballroom dancing

流行于上世纪80年代初，当时，全国各大城市均出现在公园、广场等公共场所男女青年自发聚集跳交谊舞的现象。

喇叭裤 bell-bottomed pants; flare trousers

因裤形似喇叭而得名。它的特点是：低腰短裆，紧裹臀部；裤腿上窄下宽，从膝盖以下逐渐张开，裤口的尺寸明显大于膝盖的尺寸，形成喇叭状。我国上世纪80年代最流行的装束。

大哥大 GSM mobile telephone

“大哥大”源于粤港人称呼帮会头目之谐语，后成为手提电话的俗称。“大哥大”只流行于手提电话初面世那几年，之后改称“手机”。

BP机（寻呼机） Beep Pager

1983年，上海开通国内第一家寻呼台，BP机进入中国。从BP机开始的即时通信，将人们带入了没有时空距离的年代，时时处处可以被找到，大大加速了人们的生活、工作效率，但也让人无处可藏。人们对它爱恨交加，但已离不开它。

万元户 ten- thousand-yuan household

是指家庭存款在10000元以上的，称之为万元户。这个词是在70年代末产生的，那个年代万元户是个相当了不得的。万元户年代的1万元可以买到很多的东西(米价0.14元，肉价0.95元)可以想到1万元是个什么概念。不过现在代好了，人们的收入增加了，这个词已经成了历史概念。

五好家庭 Five Virtues Family(outstanding in such five aspects as law-abiding, diligent study, family planning, domestic harmony, and industrious and thrifty management of the household)

从1985年开始，全国各地大兴“五好家庭”评选活动。当时的“五好家庭”的标准是：政治思想好、生产工作好；家庭和睦、尊敬老人好；教育子女、计划生育好；移风易俗、勤俭持家好；邻里团结、文明礼貌好。

呼拉圈 hula hoop

呼啦圈又称健身圈，流行于上世纪八九十年代的一项运动。由于其轻便美观，练习活动占地不大，很快成为一项老少皆宜的运动项目。当时全国各地兴起了一阵“呼拉圈”潮，纷纷举办呼拉圈比赛。

彩电 colored television set

改革开放后进入中国人的生活，如今彩电已是家家户户都能有的电器，买个什么样的彩电才是人们关注的话题。

倒爷 profiteer; wheeler-dealer

流行于改革开放初期，指的是那些倒买倒卖的人。

面的 taxi

出租车在上世纪80年代末和90年代初进入百姓生活。生活在北京的人，一提起“面的”，是一种多么有趣的感觉。出门招手，面的就到，街上随处可见的，被市民戏称为“黄虫”的面的，开启了北京出租车的历史。面的客货两用，十分方便，深受百姓亲睐。

选秀  talent show /talent-search show

（NBA的选秀叫做draft，但和这种真人秀reality TV show 显然不是一回事）

选秀之举早已有之，比如各种文娱大赛、NBA选秀等等，但现在这个词多指超级女声、快乐男声、我型我秀、加油好男儿、红楼梦、春姑娘等各种电视真人秀比赛。选秀不在结果，而在运作过程中的商业价值。

高考 college (or university) entrance examination

高考改变了很多人、尤其是很多年轻人的命运，1978年恢复高考后，高等教育的发展进入轨道。当高考竞争愈来愈激烈时，就出现了高考移民（当然这也和户籍制度有关系）。

高考移民 NCEE migrant

 The term 'NCEE migrant' refers to students who covertly leave their hometowns and immigrate to other places a few days before the NCEE in order to get bonus points or be in a less competitive environment. When found out, they are penalized for undermining the fairness of the NCEE. “高考移民”是指基于获取加分和规避竞争等目的，高考前从就学地点迁往其它地点报名参加考试的学生，这些人因破坏高考的公平性，成绩往往不被认可。

驴友 Donkey Friends

当人们有了闲钱，就会开始对广袤自然的探索之心。该词其实是“旅友”，就是热爱户外运动的人。据说起源于新浪论坛，因“驴”和“旅”谐音，故而把音念转。驴友们通常自己组织、集体行动（也有喜欢单独行动的）、自负责任。

人肉搜索 Cyber Manhunt

和网络搜索相对的词语，即指网民们发挥自身力量以及周围群众力量，根据网络上发帖人提供的信息，人搜人、人找人，最终将某一人或某几人从茫茫人海中揪出水面。堪称21世纪嘴彪悍的搜索引擎。

"四有" 新人 New Generation with "Four Qualifications"

所有刚上学的人都要接受的教育；做个有文化，有理想，有道德，有纪律的四有新人，由邓小平同志在1985年提出，乃教育准则之一。但似乎今天在教育在朝着“有分数、有特长（琴棋书画等）”两有新人发展。

装修 decoration

以前，限于条件，所谓的装修，都是简单，甚至说是简陋的，或者根本就没有，也就是扫扫石灰水或者用白纸糊糊墙。90年代，随着人民生活水平的提高，装修也就进入了生活。

不同时期，装修的潮流也不同，例如有一个时期，流行装天花，于是大家都装天花板了，后来有的人家的天花板就成了老鼠的运动场；有一个时期流行用木质的墙裙，大家也一窝蜂的装墙裙，结果数年后有的人家就给白蚁蛀上了。各种潮流都引领风骚三两年，精明的人当然是根据自己的需要而设计装修的方案，不去盲目地跟风。

保安，保镖 security staff, security guard, body guard

第一次知道保安，是在先进文化的阵地－－南方周末上看到的，记者先生们以敏锐的眼光看到了这一新鲜事物，并对之进行了热情的讴歌。记者先生特别描写了一个女保安－－小姑娘穿着崭新漂亮的制服，一身的威严。

其实，无论是保安、现代镖局和保镖，都是政府减负的产物、产业化改革的产物。在计划经济的极左年代，政府大包大揽，无论是医疗、教育、治安都由政府全包揽下来了。这既养成了一些人的寄生虫思想，又不能够优化配置社会资源，还极大地占用了政府的有限资金，不能够落实到高薪养廉上来。于是就把一些小治安问题进行了产业化改革，让社会力量来投资治安，谁投资，谁受益，谁安全。

今天，人民群众无论走到那里，都可以看到保安，到处都有安全感啊！

名片 business card

改革开放之初，和香港商人会面，对方递上名片，受宠若惊的双手接过，还尴尬地想到自己还没有这个玩意，然后把这小纸片很当一回事地收起来。这大概是很多领导都经历过的事情。名片这小纸片，写着某某人的姓名、官衔等等。有一年春节晚会，好象是黄虹表演了一个节目，两个候车的旅客，无聊之际，就用手中的名片来作牌，斗了一番。这个出张科长，那个就用处长去打；这个出四个总经理，那个就甩出四个董事长！

还听说小学生们也大派名片了，写上“班长”“学委”之类的官名。

粉丝 fans

对于追星的人的称呼，是英文fans（复数，单数为fan）的英译。如今各种星漫天飞，歌星，影星，电视剧明星，广告明星，体育明星，政治明星……粉丝群也是无孔不入，自从这个词出现后，地球上的人基本上就可以分为两类，追星的和不追星的，或者粉丝和非粉丝。

发廊 hair salon

发廊的出现，好像很突然。就好像小学生的作文：在大好春风之下，如雨后春笋般长出来了！

发廊的一个特点是小，不像理发店那样一大排高大古老的理发椅，一般就是三两个人的小门面。当然，也有很大的发廊，但人家也一般的不叫发廊了，而叫做什么发艺城之类的。

发廊的另一个特点是营业时间长，由于产权是明晰的，所以积极性大大提高，晚上营业极大地方便了人民群众。也有一些发廊工作积极性过于高，通宵营业，以至于有关部门要发出指令，营业时间不得超过凌晨两点！

发廊的第三个特点是服务的多样化。理发店的服务相对简单，只是理发电发刮胡子。发廊的服务是多种多样的，例如按摩服务，理发店是没有的，当然这个按摩是肩部以上的。有的发廊的服务非常人性化，例如下跪式服务，让顾客有上帝般的感觉。

发廊的第四个特点是广，这也很方便人民群众。

发廊又产生了“发廊妹”一词。像很多地方，发廊都是成片经营的，“发廊妹”们看上去很美，是一道风景。

跳槽 job-hopping

跳槽，就是指调换工作。至于为什么叫做“跳槽”，我想大概是与马有关的，马在马棚吃草的地方叫马槽，马有时不在自己的马槽里吃草，到别的马槽里吃草叫跳槽。换个工作，就叫做跳槽了。跳槽者 job-hopper。

原来，在计划经济时代，人们是不能够随便跳槽的，单位把人死死地束缚着，不少人甚至一辈子都在一个厂子里干到退休。你想要跳槽换个单位，难度可高了，两个单位和两地人事局之间，要跑好多次才能办妥手续。

红包 convert payment; （neutral）red paper containing money as a gift, (derogative) bribe, kickback

红包，大概是来源于广东。广东人在喜庆的日子里都喜欢送红包，以示吉祥。例如某人喜结良缘，那么贺客就会给主人送上一个红包。送得最多的是过年，大人要给小孩子送红包，这里的大人是指已经结婚的人，小孩子就是未结婚的人。这个红包大概跟北方的“压岁钱”差不多。不过压岁钱是家长放在孩子的枕头底的，而广东人的红包是用一张红纸包起来，现在进步了，有了现成的红包了。

改革开放，招商引资，一些港商在事情办妥后，都喜欢给办事的人送上个小小的红包，聊表感激之情。

八卦 gossip

八卦，亦称“经卦”。是《周易》中的八种基本图形。八卦起源于原始宗教的占卜。《易传》作者认为八卦主要象征天、地、雷、风、水、火、山、泽八种自然现象，每卦又象征多种事物，并认为“乾”、“坤”两卦在“八卦”中占特别重要的地位，是自然界和人类社会一切现象的最初根源，八卦，具有朴素唯物主义因素。

今天，八卦还有另外一个含义，就是指在娱乐圈中，非正式的小道消息或者是某个明星的隐私等新闻。如某某明星又走光穿帮啦，某导和某演员又有一腿啦。而刊登这样的消息的报刊杂志就叫做“八卦报纸”或者“八卦杂志”。

婚纱照 wedding photo

以前，照张相也不容易，结婚大事，也不过是照张小双人的黑白照。

80年代起，婚妙照就开始流行了，其特点是：婚纱、彩妆、大幅彩照。当然另外还有一个特点：高价。婚纱照以其浪漫、美丽迅速走进了千家万户，为新人们留下了美好的回忆。一些从前没有照婚纱相的，也纷纷补照。婚纱照的兴起，使当初走向衰落的照相店找到了新的发展方向。

走穴 "(actors, singers, etc.) perform for outside salary income without approval by the unit they belong to "

自从中央电视台第一次搞了个春节联欢晚会后，每逢什么喜庆节日的，各地都少不了搞个晚会的。各地方的文艺晚会办多了，需要的文艺表演人员也多。而刚开始搞晚会那一阵子，文艺表演团体不多，人员也有限。而且，那时，还是吃大锅饭的体制，文艺表演人员都是有单位的。

一些晚会的组织者，不可能把整个的文艺单位拉过来搞台晚会，所以就打起了一些演员，特别是名角的主意，唱两首歌多少钱，一拍即合。那时节，名角们可忙了，赶完一个场马上又赶下一个场。

这就是走穴了，又叫赚外快，广东人管这个叫“炒更”。

VCD

是video compact disk 缩写，泛指一种影碟机。

VCD作为一种新兴的家电，可以说是昙花一现，突然间如雨后春笋般出现在市场上，当消费者还没有看清楚的时候，又突然间消失了。VCD的现象，应该作为一个麻雀，解剖一下，从一个小麻雀看看中国工业的过去未来，应该能够得到很多有益的启示。

晒工资 wages online exposure

“晒工资”并非将工资拿到太阳底下去晒，而是将工资条拿到网上去曝光。基于这一意蕴，该词可译为"wages online exposure"。

民意调查显示，47.5％的人上网看过工资条，37.7％的人愿意本着"匿名填写，保证真实"的原则，将自己的工资条在网上公开。相关人士分析，"晒工资"表达了人们呼唤收入分配透明的社会心态，但是，此类事件也可能会给社会带来负效应，如导致部分人心理失衡或无意间泄露商业秘密等。

非典型肺炎、非典、SARS

非典是2003年年始于广州的一种极其厉害的传染病，造成多人死亡。

非典是非典型肺炎的缩写，而SARS则是英文“非典型肺炎”的缩写，而“沙士”则是SARS的英文音译。