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羊与西方文化

羊与西方文化

[希腊]

The Greek gods were nourished on goat milk.

希腊诸神由羊奶喂养。

One famous goat Amalthea, reportedly suckled baby Zeus, the chief deity of the Greek Pantheon, in a cave on Crete.

著名的山羊阿玛耳忒亚,据称曾在克里特岛的一个山洞里,给婴儿时期的宙斯哺乳。宙斯是希腊诸神之首。

Pan, the Greek deity of nature, was possessed of goat horns and feet, as were the satyrs of classic Greek drama and art.

希腊牧神潘恩有着山羊角和山羊蹄,与希腊古典戏剧和艺术里的半人半兽一样。


[埃及]

One of the earliest Egyptian deities Khnum possessed the head of a ram. Khnum was the deity of the source of Nile and the supposed creator of other deities.

埃及最早的神之一库努姆有着羊的头。库努姆是尼罗河的源头之神,被认为是其它诸神的造物主。

Even Heryshaf, a fertility god, was represented by the head of a ram on a human body.

就连生育之神赫里沙夫也是羊头人身。


[意大利]

The goat was used as a draft animal at Pompeii, Italy, with Dionysos reclining in a cart driven by Cupid and drawn by goats. The she-goat was sacrificed to Artemis later.

在意大利庞培,山羊被用作役畜,酒神狄俄尼索斯的靠背车就是爱神丘比特驱使的山羊拖车。这只母山羊后来献祭给阿耳特弥斯。

Greek historian Herodotus says that goat skin was worn by the statues of Athene in some sacrifices and rites.

希腊历史学家希罗多德称,在一些献祭和仪式中,雅典娜雕塑会身穿山羊皮。


[苏美尔]

Sumerians deities often guarded flocks. The most prominent deity was the Mother Goddess, Duttur, the protector of flocks.

苏美尔的神明通常会守护羊群。最著名的神明是保护羊群的母亲神杜图尔。

Others were Dumuzi, the Lord of shepherds and their flocks, and Gestinanna who was associated with sheep and shepherding as well as dream interpretation.

其他的神明有牧羊人和羊群之神杜木茨,以及与羊、牧羊人以及释梦有关的葡萄女神。


【羊与西方宗教】


[羊与圣经]

Goats are mentioned 247 times in the Bible. There are two kinds of goats in the countries where the Bible was written, one very much like those that we sometimes see; the other differing from it in several respects, especially in the greater length of its ears. The ear of this kind of goat sometimes measures more than a foot.

山羊在《圣经》中被提及247次。撰写《圣经》的国家有两种羊,一种酷似我们常见的羊,另一种很多方面都不一样,特别是耳朵更长。这种羊的耳朵有时长度超过一英尺。

The Old Testament of the Bible tells us that God is very gluttonous and tries every means to ask his followers to sacrifice for him. Except for grain offering, flocks and herds are sacrificed in burnt offering, fellowship offering, sin offering, guilt offering, thank offering and ordination offering. The God seems to like lamb more. Besides, a goat is also considered a "clean" animal by Jewish dietary laws and was slaughtered for an honored guest.

《圣经·旧约》告诉我们,"上帝"非常贪吃,想方设法要信徒给他献祭。除素祭以外,燔祭、平安祭、赎罪祭、赎愆祭、感恩祭、任圣职祭都要给他奉献牛羊。上帝似乎更喜欢小羊。此外,山羊在犹太教饮食教规中被认为是"干净"的动物,会屠宰给贵宾食用。

Except for the sacrifice to the God, sheep assume another task – taking the blame for humans. On the Day of Atonement, Israeli Prophet Aaron pressed his hand on a goat head, declaring that it assumed all the sins of the Israeli children. He then sent the goat to Azazel, demon of the desert.

除用作献给上帝的祭品外,羊还承担了另一项任务,就是给人类"替罪"。在赎罪日那天,以色列先知亚伦把手按在一头山羊的头上,宣称由它来承担以色列孩子的全部罪过,然后把那只羊放逐到沙漠的恶魔亚撒色那里。


[羊指邪恶?]

The goat has had a connection with Satanism and pagan religions, even in modern times. The inverted pentagram, a symbol used in Satanism, is said to be shaped like a goat's head.

羊与撒旦教和异教有关,即使是在现代。撒旦教的符号倒五角星据称形似山羊头。

One of the Christian devils Baphomet is a Satanic goat-like figure from 19th-century occultism.

基督教恶魔之一巴弗灭指19世纪神秘主义中像山羊的邪恶人物。


【羊的象征意义】

[敏捷]

The goat is a sure-footed animal that is as comfortable on mountain slopes and mountain tops as it is on flat ground. In this aspect, the goat is a symbol of agility.

羊是一种脚步稳健的动物,在山坡和山顶上如履平地。从这方面说,羊是敏捷的象征。

[决心]

In its ability to scale a mountain, it is a symbol of determination.

从爬山能力看,羊是决心的象征。

[活力]

The male goat, because of its prowess, is a symbol of virility, vitality and stamina. It therefore represents the energy of the creative and regenerative seed.

公羊因其勇猛,是男子气概、活力和毅力的象征。羊因此可表示具创造性和可再生的种子的能量。

The female goat is a symbol of nurturing and nourishment.

母羊是培育和营养的象征。


[羊角寓意]

It is the horn of the she-Goat Amalthea, the wet-nurse of Zeus, which is the Symbolic Cornucopia.

宙斯乳母母羊阿玛耳忒亚的羊角是丰饶的象征。

The horn is also the masculine, penetrating, and assertive symbol.

羊角还是男子气概、敏锐和坚定的象征。


【羊年学英语】

[有关羊的谚语]

A good shepherd must fleece his sheep but not flay them.

不要杀鸡取卵。

A good man can no more harm than a sheep.

好人如绵羊,为恶不在行。

A pet lamb makes a cross ram.

小羊娇惯,长大凶蛮。

A red sky at night is the shepherd's delight.

晚来天边红,羊倌露笑容。

God tempers the wind to the shorn lamb.

上帝慈悲为怀。

It is a small flock that has not a black sheep.

害群之马,无处不有。


[有关羊的常识]

All goats stink.

所有羊都臭。

All goats with horns are males.

有角的羊都是公羊。

Goats will eat anything, including cans.

羊会吃所有东西,包括易拉罐。

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