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过去一般时

表过去

过去一般时的基本用法
过去一般时常表过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。这是过去一般时的基本用法。过去一般时常和表示过去的状语连用,如a minute ago,yesterday,last week,in 1900,during the night,in those days等。用过去一般时时,要说“过多少时间之后”,一般用after,不用in。如:
Tom suddenly fell ill yesterday. 汤姆昨天突然病了。
They got married last year. 他们是去年结婚的。
They had a baby last month. 他们上个月生了个小孩儿。
It happened after three days. 事情发生在3天以后。
She didn’t look well when I last saw her. 我上次看到她时,她脸色不好。
过去一般时也可与since(自从)和for(经历)引导的词语连用。这时,句子的重点是谓语动词,而不是since和for所引导的句子成分。如:
London had its hottest day yesterday since 1899. 昨天是伦敦自1899年以来最热的一天。
Nothing happened since then. 打那以后什么事也没有发生。
I stayed there for two months. 我在那里待了两个月。
I did not see Strickland for several weeks. 我有好几周没有看到斯特里克兰了。
过去一般时亦可与today,this week,this month,this year等时间状语连用。但这些时间状语须指过去,决不包括“现在”在内。
Did you see him today? 今天你看见他了吗?(today实际上指今天的过去某一时刻)
过去一般时一般情况下不与now连用,但却可与just now(刚才)连用,如:
He went just now. 他刚出去。
过去一般时用于since从句
主句的谓语动词如用现在完成时,其后接的since引导的从句一般须用过去一般时。如:
You haven’t changed much since we last met. 自从上次我们见面以来,你变化不大。
It’s been over a year since I came back from the countryside. 我从乡下回来已经一年多了。(主句的谓语动词has been亦可改用is,但美国英语多用现在完成时)
如果since从句的谓语动词是无限动词或静态动词的过去一般时,则一般仍表动作或状态的结束,并无持续性,如:
It’s a long time since I lived here. 我不住在这里已有好久了。(lived there 已结束,说话人说话时已不住在这里)
It has been ten years since I was a teacher. 我不当教师已有十年了。(was a teacher 的状态已结束)
过去一般时的时间状语的省略
前面说过,过去一般时通常要与表过去的时间状语连用。但在下面一些情况下,时间状语可以省去不用:
从上下文可以清楚地看出时间状语时,如:
Did you sleep well? 你睡得好吗?(显然指“昨晚”)
Who was that? 那人是谁?(who指刚才在这里的那个人)
2)前文如有现在完成时所引导时,如:
Have you measured how wide the window was? 你量过那窗户有多宽吗?
I have been within an inch of life, and didn’t know it! 我差点丧了命,而当时我还不知道哩。
3)当地点状语暗含时间状语时,如:
I saw him in town. 我在城里见到了他。
4)和现在时态对比时,如:
He is no longer the man he was. 他已不是过去的他了。(和现在一般时is相对比)
5)在when从句中,如:
I never learned drawing when I was at school. 我在学校从未学过绘画。(when从句有过去一般时was,但没有时间状语)
6)有表过去习惯的used to时,如:
I used to play football in the street. 我过去常在街上踢足球。
过去一般时表完成的动作
过去一般时所表的动作多已完成,如:
I wrote a composition yesterday. 昨天我写了一篇作文。
I read a book last week. 上星期我读了一本书。
尤其在用过去一般时叙述一连串相继发生的动作时,每个动作都是已完成的。如下面摘自美国发明家爱迪生传记的一段话:
This time, instead of using charred paper, he took several strands of cotton, twisted these together into the shape of hairpin, and charred, or car-bonized, this filament in an oven. He then fitted it into a pearshaped glass bulb—a very tricky operation—pumped out the air, switched on the current, and watched to see for how long it would burn. It burnt for 45 hours. 这回他不用烧焦的纸,而代之以几股棉线。他把几股棉线搓在一起,呈发夹状,然后把已搓成的灯丝放在炉内烧焦,也就是使之碳化。然后他再将烧焦了的灯丝装入一个梨子形状的玻璃泡内——这是一项非常棘手的工序——装好之后,将泡内的空气抽掉,接着打开电门,注视着灯丝燃烧的时间。结果共燃了45个小时。
但静态动词的过去一般时所表的状态当然一般未完成,如:
Why were you absent from school yesterday? 昨天你为什么没有来上课?
I am sorry I forgot to post the letter. 对不起,我忘了寄那封信。
无限动词变为有限动词时,其过去一般时表已完成的动作,但在一般情况下,无限动词仍表持续的动作,如:
I sat in the chair and my cat sat on the rug. 我坐在椅子上,我的猫坐在地毯上。
当然,过去一般时表重复动作时,也不会完成,如:
In those days she went to see her father in the hospital every day. 那些日子,她每天去医院看她父亲。
过去一般时表死者的动作与状态
在英语中,说到死去的人时,一般皆用过去时态。
Who is the man in the picture? 相片上的这个男人是谁?(问者不知其人已死,故用is)
——He was my father. 他是我父亲。(答者用was表明其父已死)
He isn’t very farsighted. Wasn’t. he’s dead.他不是很有眼光的人。我是说他生前。他已经死了。(这里说话人用wasn’t纠正自己错用了的isn’t)
一并提到死人与活人时,习惯上多用过去一般时,如:
You must excuse me, Sir, but your late wife and your present were far from skilled in needlework. 恕我直说,先生,你过世的夫人和你现在这位夫人的针线活都很差。
过去一般时的感情色彩
过去一般时有时有感情色彩,如:
You asked for it! 你这是自找!
I heard you! 我早听见了!(即你不用再喊叫了)
Did you ever hear of such a thing? 你听见过这种事吗?(含义是:你当然没有)
I told you so. 我早就告诉过你。(有“而你就是不信”的含义)
表现在、将来与过去将来

过去一般时表现在、将来与过去的将来
过去一般时有时形式上为过去,实际上指现在。用过去形式乃是根据时态一致的原则所致。如:
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在这里。(were实际上指现在)
They told me that rats were a real problem around here. 他们告诉我说这里老鼠成灾了。(were实际上指现在)
过去一般时还可以用来表示委婉客气,亦指现在,如:
Did you wish to see me? 你是找我吗?
Did you want anything else? 你还要别的吗?
I wondered if you could help me. 我不知道你能否帮我一下。
过去一般时有时可以表示将来发生的事,如:
I the years to come it will be a great thing for a man to say that I did here like a hero. 在未来岁月里,当人们说道我在这里英勇牺牲时,那会是多好啊。(died在此表未来)
As soon as you get it, mail it to me here. I’ll be on the lookout, so Tom will never know it came. 你一拿到它就寄到我这里。我一定留神不让汤姆知道这件事。(came在此表未来)
过去一般时也可以表过去的将来发生的事,如:
They had to leave early as they started work the next day. 他们第二天要开始工作,所以不得不早走。(started表过去的将来)
He told me that school opened the following morning. 他告诉我第二天上午开学。(opened表过去的将来)
表过去的过去

过去一般时表过去的过去
表“过去的过去”时,如不是强调先后、因果等关系,常可用过去一般时。这种过去一般时多用于从句中,如:
I saw what he wrote. 他写的什么,我看见了。 (wrote在此表过去的过去,用在宾语从句中)
Did you find the pen you lost? 你的钢笔找到了吗?(lost表过去的过去,用在定语从句中)
When the clock struck ten, we all went to bed. 钟敲十点时,我们都就寝了。(struck表过去的过去,用在时间状语从句中)
The firewood was all wet from the rain, because the store keeper did not cover it up. 柴火都给雨打湿了,因为店老板没有给它以遮盖。(did you cover表过去的过去,用在原因状语从句中)
I was recovered sooner than I expected. 我的健康恢复得要比我预料的快。(expected表过去的过去,用在比较状语从句中)
在口语中,表意愿的动词mean等的过去一般时相当于过去完成时had meant,如:
I meant to send them over yesterday, but forgot. 本来我昨天就想派人把东西送来,可是我给忘了。
英语里的“过去的过去的过去”有时亦可用过去一般时表示,如:
I was told that she had lived here since her husband died. (died 在此表“过去的过去的过去”)
过去一般时用于倒叙
过去一般时亦可用来在过去的过去发生的事件。这种过去一般时常与时间状语连用,如:
Fang Fang came to the Beijing Zoo in 1972 after spending six years in the bamboo forests of Baoxing County Sichuan Province. One day in spring she fell into a trap and was dragged to a nearby village. After a few days she was caged and escorted to Beijing by train. 熊猫方方在四川省宝应县的竹林里度过6年之后于1972年来到北京动物园。她是在春季的一天陷入了圈套,被拖到附近一个村庄。过不几天,她就被人装入笼内乘火车被护送到北京。(时间状语是one day in spring)
在不引起误会的前提下,过去一般时在无时间状语的情况下亦可用来倒叙,如:
Beside died. She had a quarrel with the pimp and she went alone to Hong Kong. What she was looking for I will never know. One day she collapsed in a restaurant and died.贝西死了。在死之前,她和老鸨吵了一架,后只身到了香港。她到香港去寻求什么,我始终不清楚。一天,在一家饭馆里她倒了下去就死了。(had,when皆发生在died之前,但无时间状语)
过去一般时用来倒叙较过去完成时显得直接生动。
过去一般时一般着重倒叙相继发生的动作或事件以及业已结束了的状态,过去一般时则常用来倒叙存在而尚未结束的状态或事实,如:
It was supposed that the pearl buyers were individuals acting alone, biding against one another for the pearls the fisherman brought. And once it had been so. But this was a wasteful method, for often, in the excitement of bidding for a fine pearl, too great a price had been paid to the fisherman. This was extravagant and not to be countenanced. Now there was only one pearl buyer with many hands…人们总以为珍珠收购商是单个人活动,争出高价购买渔人的珍珠。但这已经是过去的事了。而这是一种很费钱的做法,因为在激烈地争购一颗明珠时,渔民往往会得到一笔过高的价钱。这太费钱了,是不能允许的。现在只有一个收购商,他下面有很多人手……(第二、三两句中的was在倒叙事实或状态)
有时用过去一般时进行倒叙有便于用过去完成时进一步倒叙,如:
An old lady informed the parson of parish that on the previous night she dreamed that she saw her grandmother, who had been dead for twenty years.有一位老太太跟教区牧师说,她在前一天夜里梦见了已死去20年的祖母。(作者先用过去一般时dreamed和saw倒叙,然后用过去完成时had been进行倒叙的倒叙)一个人用过去一般时讲的原话变成间接引语时,时态可以不变为过去完成时,仍可用过去一般时,如:
After that, she told me, the hotel went from Class C to much worse. 从那以后,她告诉我,这家旅馆就从三等降为更次的等级了。
从属关系
过去一般时的从属关系
有时,过去一般时是由所属关系决定的。比如,它可以属于现在时态、将来时态和过去时态。这种时态的从属关系一般语法书称之为“时态的一致”或“时态的呼应”。
1)过去一般时从属于现在时态,如:
When the ball goes out of bounds, the referee decides which player touched it last. 球出了界,由裁判员决定是哪一个运动员使球出界的。(touched所表的是现在一般时decides的过去)
The right to rule derives from those who gave it. 治理权来自授权的人。(gave表derives的“过去”)
2)过去一般时从属于将来时态,
After a good many years you will look back on these early pieces of work and realize that they were sincere and penetrating. 许多年后,你回顾这些早期作品时,就会认识到它们是诚挚的,深刻的。(were表will look back…and realize的“过去”)
—How is your mother? 你母亲身体怎么样?
—Thank you. She’s pretty well, sir. 谢谢。她很好,先生。
—Say we sent our remembrances, will you? 代我们致以问候,好吗?(sent表say的“过去”)

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