动词的各种形式
1)现在式:就是词典中所给的形式,也可称为动词原形,其他形式都由它派生而来。一般现在时要用现在式:
We love peace. 我们热爱和平。
2)过去式:几乎每个动词都有过去式,表示过去发生的事。一般过去时都由它表示,如:
She was (be的过去式) a worker. Now she is a technician. 她过去是工人,现在是技术员。
3)过去分词:也是大多数动词都具有的形式,可构成完成时态(a)和被动语态(b):
a. He has lived here for many years. 他在这里住了许多年了。
b. The VCR was made in China. 这种录像机是中国制造的。
4)现在分词:通常由动词原形+ing构成,可构成各种进行时态:
We are learning grammar. 我们正在学语法。
1) 英语中大部分动词都以加-ed词尾的办法构成过去式及过去分词:
现在时(动词原形) 过去式 过去分词
work worked worked
appear appeared appeared
talk talked talked
这类动词称为规则动词(Regular Verbs)。
2) 在加-ed词尾时要注意几个问题:
a. 若末尾已有字母e,则只加-d:
live——lived please——pleased free——freed
b. 若以“辅音(字母)+y”结尾,先变y为i再加-ed:
try——tried study——studied simplify——simplified
c. 若是以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾字母要双写,然后再加-ed:
stop——stopped fit——fitted chat——chatted
d. 其他的词都直接加-ed:
lack——lacked open——opened repeat——repeated
3) 另外,还有几点值得注意:
a. 以“一个元音+l”结尾的词,英国人都把l双写,美国人都不双写:
travel——travelled(英),traveled(美)
marvel——marvelled(英),marveled(美)
b. l前若有两个元音,l一概不双写(英美都如此):
reveal——revealed appeal——appealed
c. 有少数词,尽管末尾音节并不重读,末尾辅音字母在英国仍双写:
worship——worshipped(英),worshiped(美)
kidnap——kidnapped(英),kidnaped(美)
但program——programmed(英,美),programed(美国人有时用这种拼法)
d. 以x结尾的词,x不双写:
mix——mixed fix——fixed
4) 在英语中,在加-ed词尾时,末尾字母需双写的词常见的有:
ban bar bat beg blot brag brim chat
chop clap cram crop dam dip dot drag
drop drum dub fan fit flag grap grin
grip gun hop hug hum jam jog jot
knit lag man mar mob mop mug nag
net nip nod pad pat pen pin pit
plan plod plug pop prop rip rob rot
rub scan scar scrap scrub ship shop shred
shrug shun sin sip skid skim skin skip
slam slap slip snap sob spot aquat stap
star stern step stop strap strip stun sun
swap tag tan tap thin throb tip top
trap trim trip trot wag wrap
abet abhor acquit admit allot commit compel confer
control defer deter distil emit enroll equip excel
expel incur instill occur omit outwit patrol propel
recap refer regret remit repel submit transmit handicap
5) 下面的词在加-ed时,在英国末尾字母要双写,而在美国却不一定双写:
cancel dial equal hiccup initial kidnap
label level marvel model pedal pencil
program quarrel refuel revel rival shovel
shrivel total travel tunnel unravel worship
【注】 在加-ing词尾时,4)中所列词情况也一样。
1)但也有相当多的动词不以加-ed的方式构成过去式和过去分词,这类动词称作不规则动词(Irregular Verbs)。这类动词数量有限,却都是非常活跃的词,例如下面这些:
beat beat beaten become became become
begin began begun blow blew blown
break broke broken bring brought brought
build built built burst burst burst
buy bought bought catch caught caught
choose chose chosen come came come
cost cost cost cut cut cut
dig dug dug do did done
draw drew drawn eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen feel felt felt
fight fought fought freeze froze frozen
fly flew flown find found found
get got got give gave given
go went gone grow grew grown
have had had hear heard heard
hide hid hidden hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept know knew known
lay laid laid lead led led
leave left left lend lent lent
let let let lie lay lain
lose lost lost make made made
mean meant meant meet met met
pay paid paid put put put
read read read ride rode ridden
ring rang rung rise rose risen
run ran run say said said
see saw seen sell sold sold
send sent sent set set set
shake shook shaken shine shone shone
shoot shot shot show showed shown
shut shut shut sing sang sung
sink sank sunk sit sat sat
sleep slept slept speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent spin span spun
spread spread spread spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck strike struck struck
sweep swept swept swim swam swum
take took taken teach taught taught
tear tore torn tell told told
think thought thought throw threw thrown
wear wore worn weep wept wept
win won won write wrote written
这些都是最最常用的词,不熟练掌握这些词,学时态就会困难重重。因此学语法的第一步就是把这些常用的不规则动词背熟,要背的烂熟,想到一个词,就能吧三个形式都说出来,这是基础的基础。掌握了这些词们就可以适应初期学习的要求,以后还应把书后列出的不规则动词全部学一遍。
1) 现在分词都是在现在式(动词原形)后加-ing构成,如:
She is listening to classical music on CDs. 她在听激光唱盘上的古典音乐。
Who is conducting the orchestra? 睡在指挥管弦乐队?
在多数情况下都直接加-ing, 但有一些特殊情况:
a. 以不读音的e结尾的词,去掉e再加-ing:
Move-----moving make-----making write-----writing
但Free-----freeing
b. 以“一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾,该音节又重读者,末尾辅音要双写,再加-ing:
Swim-----swimming beg-----begging chat----chatting
Refer-----referring begin-----beginning forget----forgetting
但open----opening(末尾音节不重读)
Pack----packing(末尾有两个辅音字母)
2) 还有几点值得注意:
a. 以“一个元音字母加l”结尾的词,在加-ing时,l字母英国人双写,美国人不双写:
Travel----travelling(英),traveling(美)
Patrol----patrolling(英), patroling(美)
但reveal----revealing(英,美)(因末尾音节中有两个元音字母)
b. 下面的词,虽然末尾音节不重读,在英国末尾辅音字母仍双写,不过美国人不双写:
Kidnap---kidnapping(英), kidnaping(美)
Worship---worshipping(英),worshiping(美)
但program加-ing时,m字母英美都双写:
programming(美国也有人不双写)
c. 下面的词加词尾时有特别之处:
Die---dying lie----lying tie----tying
Hoe---hoeing toe---toeing dye----dyeing
Picnic----picnicking panic---panicking mimic----mimicking
Age---ageing或aging
1)在一般现在时中,主语为第三人称单数时,谓语需加-s,如:
She loves children. 她爱孩子。
This surprises us. 这让我们感到吃惊。
这虽然是一个简单的问题,但常常被人忽略。有些人学了几年英语,还养不成第三人称单数后加-s的习惯,在日常口语中需加-s时很多,因此要特别注意,不要给人以不良印象。
2) 在加-s词尾时要注意以下几点:
a. 在一般情况下可直接加-s(这是多数情况):
Work---works like---likes
Come---comes feel---feels
b. 以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的词,需加-es:
Teach---teaches fetch----fetches
Wash---washes wish---wishes
Guess---guesses miss---misses
Fax---faxes fix---fixes
Do---does go---goes
c. 以辅音+y结尾的词,先变y为i,再加-es:
Cry---cries apply---applies
Fry---fries reply---replies
1) 有很多动词在口语中常有紧缩形式(contractions),如:
I’m waiting for him. (= I am waiting for him.)
She’s gone home. (=she has gone home.)
He won’t be here tonight. (=he will not be here tonight.)
甚至在书信等比较随便的文体中也常用这种形式,从头掌握这种形式至关重要。看到这种形式应立即知道它是哪个动词的紧缩形式,听到这种形式也应立即反应过来,知道是什么意思。这也是从头要掌握的基本功。
2) 现在将主要的紧缩形式列表说明如下:
原来形式 紧缩形式 例句
I am I’m I’m waiting for the bus.
You are you’re you’re late.
He is he’s he’s busy now.
She is she’s she’s in her office.
It is it’s It’s my job.
We are we’re we’re having a meeting.
They are they’re they’re looking for you.
There is there’s there’s no one in the room.
There are there’re there’re lots of things to do.
Here is here’s here’s what I want to know.
I have I’ve I’ve got your letters.
You have you’ve you’ve won the game.
He has he’s he’s left already.
She has she’s she’s been there many times.
We have we’ve we’ve got to be there today.
They have they’ve they’ve missed the bus.
Who has who’s who’s broken the window?
I had I’d I’d never been there before.
I shall/will I’ll I’ll let you know tonight.
You will you’ll you’ll soon get an answer.
He will he’ll he’ll arrive on the 9:30 train.
She will she’ll she’ll come and join us.
We shall/willwe’ll we’ll try our best to help you.
They will they’ll they’ll do well in school.
I would I’d I’d rather stay at home.
Who would who’d who’d like to go with us?
3) 否定结构也有紧缩形式:
原来形式 紧缩形式 例句
I am not I’m not I’m not ready yet.
We are not we aren’t we aren’t free.
He is not he isn’t he isn’t back yet.
He was not he wasn’t he wasn’t there.
They were not they weren’t they weren’t happy about it.
I have not I haven’t I haven’t heard about it.或I’ve not…
She has not she hasn’t she hasn’t arrived yet. 或she’s not…
He had not he hadn’t he hadn’t got up yet. 或 he’d not…
I do not I don’t I don’t like the idea.
He does not he doesn’t he doesn’t work hard enough.
She did not she didn’t she didn’t come to the party.
I shall not I shan’t I shan’t go with her. 或 I’ll not…
They will do they won’t they won’t stay long. 或 they’ll not…
We should not we shouldn’t we shouldn’t miss the lecture. 或 we’d not…
She would not she wouldn’t she wouldn’t accept the offer. 或 she’d not…
You must not you mustn’t you mustn’t do that again.
We can not we can’t we can’t answer the question.
He need not he needn’t he needn’t buy it.
She does not she doesn’t she doesn’t go home alone.
They could not they couldn’t they couldn’t get hold of him.
She might not she mightn’t she mightn’t have time to do it.
We ought not we oughtn’t we oughtn’t to forget this.
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