英语暗喻

暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当。暗喻又叫隐喻。
Metaphor is the concept of understanding one thing in terms of another. A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.
Metaphor also denotes rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison or resemblance (e.g., antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile, which are all types of metaphor)

明喻（simile）
隐喻（metaphor）
提喻（synecdoche）
拟人（personification）
夸张（hyperbole）
叠言（rhetorical repetition）
借代（metonymy）
双关语（pun）
拟声（onomatopoeia）
讽刺（irony）
通感（Synesthesia）
头韵（alliteration）
1．这场辩论是一场没有硝烟的战争。”
这句话就是一句典型的暗喻，主体就是 “辩论是战争”翻译成英文就是：Argument is war
He attacked every weak point in my argument. 他对我的辩词中的薄弱点进行了猛烈地攻击。
2．His criticisms were right on target.
target原意是“目标，靶子”，那right on target就是说“正中靶子”，那原句可以理解为“他的批评切入要害。”
3．I demolished his argument.
demolish有“拆毁，拆除（建筑物）”的意思，而在这里就是“推翻，驳倒（观点或理论）”
4．I've never won an argument with him.
直翻就是“跟他辩论我从来没赢过。”
也就是说“我辩不过他”
5．You disagree? Okay, shoot!
这句话有点挑衅的语气，“你不同意是吧，好，那你反驳啊！” shoot原意是：“开枪”，而在这里意译就是“反驳”
6．If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out.
strategy 原意是“战略，策略，行动计划等”
wipe 原意是“（用手、布）擦干净，抹掉”
这里wipe you out就表示“彻底打败你”或者说“彻底驳倒你”
7．He shot down all of my arguments.
shoot down原意是“击落，击倒”，这里就是“驳倒”的意思。

暗喻（metaphor）中本体与喻体的关系，比在明喻中更为密切。明喻在形式上只是相类（as, like）的关系，隐喻在形式上却是相和（be）关系。可以分为认同结构和折射结构。
1．认同结构：这一结构使用一个有形象意义的喻体认同本题，两者在上下问中同事出现。典型的比喻词就是to be。
Police work on inner-city streets is a domestic Vietnam, a dangerous no win struggle fought by confused, misdirected and unappreciated troops.
市中心平民区的治安工作是一支思想混乱、指挥失误、不受欢迎的部队进行的一场危险的、只输不赢的争斗，犹如一场国内的越战。
2．折射结构：在折射式的隐喻中，本体和喻体的关系比在认同式中更为密切。折射式又可分为两种，一种是喻体不直接出现，而通过动词间接表示一种感情色彩；另一种是本体不完全直接出现，由喻体充当代表，留有思想的余地。
（1）通过动词折射
对一代的教育的关注
The nation that sent more than 9 million people to college on the GI Bill is now pricing a college education out of reach of its young people. Instead, we have spawned an unskilled , poorly educated class that requires extensive social support and contributes little to the economy.
根据当年美国根据军人复员法案有超过900万人去了大学。但如今大学费用的大幅增长，使得年轻人无力问津。相反，我们耗费了大量的社会资源，却造就了一个既无能，又缺乏教育同时对经济鲜有贡献的阶级。
（2）名词词折射：使用这种结构，本体和与体两者不一定都出现，一则其意自明，二则避免过露过直，留下想象余地，别有一种含蓄美。或者出于策略性考虑，不提为好，心照不宣。
议论国际关系，有时需要含蓄不露，但又不点自明
Form being boss, guardian, nurse and policeman to Western Europe since 1945, the US now faces a future as a plain partner. The tumbling barriers between the two halves of Europe and the end of the cold war have widened the Atlantic, observes Dominique Moisi of France’s Institute for International relations. “Europe seems farther away to the U.S. and vice versa.
美国自1945年以来，一直是西欧的上司、守护者和警察，如今却面对纯属伙伴关系的未来。法国国际关系研究所的莫依指出，随着东西欧间壁垒的崩溃和冷战的结束，已使大西洋两岸的距离越来越远。“欧洲似乎离美国渐远，反之宜然”。
（3）隐喻到位：有些隐喻需要点明喻体，指明本体和喻体之间的共同点，点清题旨，以免误会或莫名其妙。
My life is one long curve, full of turning points.
我的生命犹如一条长长的曲线充满了转折。
注释：把人生比喻为曲线，共同点在于转折点多，因此点明，避免了误解和困惑
Sometimes you go into what I call a bubble boom. Every bubble bursts.
有时你会进入一种泡沫式的繁荣，但泡沫终究要破灭的
注释：bubble（肥皂泡），比喻为虚妄的幻影。
（4）延伸隐喻：在本体和喻体之间设立一串铰链（hinges）,唤起一系列相关而又不相同的意象,从不同的侧面丰富，巩固，加强即定的联想，让读者全面、持续地进入比喻的情景，从而取得更完善的修辞效果
纽约深受暴力之害
Unchecked violence has already dulled the luster of the Big Apple. The daunting task before its leaders is to prevent it form rotting to the core.
肆无忌惮的暴力已经使得名为大苹果的纽约暗淡无光了。领导人面临的令人沮丧的任务就是防止它腐烂穿心。
1． 用of来连结
（1）A(n) singular countable noun+ OF+ a(n) singular countable noun
A(n) 单数可数名词+ of + a(n) 单数可数名词
需要注意的是，前者是比喻体，后者是本体。这种表达类似于中文中的“如……般的”。
例如：
an angel of a wife 天使般的妻子
a beast of a place 没有感情的畜牲
She lives in a palace of a house, but she is leading a hell of a life. 他住在如宫殿般的官邸中，却过着地狱般的生活。
（2）前一个（比喻体中的）“a”可以替代成物主代词、指示代词或者代词。
例如：
his angel of a wife 他的如天使般的妻子
that kitten of a girl 那个像小猫般温顺的姑娘
this skeleton of a dog 这条骨瘦如柴的狗
I got the devil of a headache yesterday. 昨天我头痛得要死。
（3）Of连结的后一个名词，不仅可以是实物名词，也可以是抽象名词。
the sun of the young woman’s beauty 这年轻妇女的美貌如太阳般光彩夺人
I detest(v.憎恨) the beast of his behavior. 我憎恨他畜牲般的残忍行为。

1．A dead metaphor is one in which the sense of a transferred image is absent. Examples: "to grasp a concept" and "to gather what you've understood" use physical action as a metaphor for understanding. Most people do not visualize the action — dead metaphors normally go unnoticed. Some people distinguish between a dead metaphor and a cliché. Others use "dead metaphor" to denote both.
2．An extended metaphor (conceit), establishes a principal subject (comparison) and subsidiary subjects (comparisons). The As You like It quotation is a good example, the world is described as a stage, and then men and women are subsidiary subjects further described in the same context.
3．A mixed metaphor is one that leaps from one identification to a second identification inconsistent with the first. Example: "If we can hit that bullseye then the rest of the dominoes will fall like a house of cards... Checkmate." Quote from Futurama TV show character Zapp Brannigan.
4．An absolute metaphor denotes a figure or a concept that cannot be reduced to, or replaced with solely conceptual thought and language. Absolute metaphors, e.g. “light” (for “truth”) and “seafaring” (for “human existence”) – have distinctive meanings (unlike the literal meanings), and, thereby, function as orientations in the world, and as theoretic questions, such as presenting the world as a whole. Because they exist at the pre-predicative level, express and structure pragmatic and theoretical views of Man and the World.