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The past three years.

Hot 2577 views. 2014-2-10 08:23

Often, when people as me questions about English, I answer with a blog so that others can benefit from the ideas presented.  The question this time was, "What is the different between "in the last three years" and "for the last three years?"  I will add, "during the last three years" and "over the last three years." I will refer to these as "in," "for," "during," and "over," respectively.

Each has very slightly different meaning.  Generally, they are completely interchangeable.  Example:

I've been learning Chinese in the last three years.

I've been learning Chinese for the last three years.

I've been learning Chinese during the last three years.

I've been learning Chinese over the last three years.

I have a hard time finding any differences I can explain.  But, let me try.

"For" seems to provide the idea of a more continuous effort.  If I use the other three (for, during, over) the study could be intermittent rather than continuous.  All four imply the studying started three years ago and was not longer.

"In" seems to provide the idea of more intermittent effort to me.  That is, I might study for one or two days (or months) and then not study for a month (or year).

To tell you the truth, in this context, I see very little different and can't really find anything else to say about it.  They are nearly identical.  As a writer, a person likes to vary their wording to keep it more interesting.  So, if I used one of these words repeatedly in the earlier or later text, variation keeps the reader's interest.  Compare the next two paragraphs.

I've been learning Chinese over the last three years. I've been frustrated in my work over the same period of time. I've been learning Polish over the last year. I nearly went bankrupt over the last three years for unrelated reasons.

Compare that with:

I've been learning Chinese for the last three years. I've been frustrated in my work during the same period of time. I've been learning Polish over the last year. I nearly went bankrupt in the last three years for unrelated reasons.

This provides me a good opportunity to discuss a related topic, the active voice.  Use of the active voice, instead of the passive voice, also avoids repetition.

I will provide only a quick comparison.

Passive verbs: is, are, was, were, have been, can be, and other forms of the verb "to be."

Active verbs: all other verbs.

Compare these two paragraphs and look at the verbs in italics

Passive voice: I am an ornithologist. That is, I am a person who studies birds. I am a botanist with a master's degree in botanist, but I am a zoologist with an undergraduate degree.  I am also a writer and editor and I am an ecologist. As a 61 year old man, I am approaching retirement.  I had been a botanist and ecologist for the U. S. Government for 17 years.  I hope I will be in China in April.  I may be there much longer.  I would be glad to hear if you have [not passive voice] any ideas for me about travel in China as a foreigner.  I can be obstinate.  I hope to be a good representative of America when I am in China.

Now, see how variety of active verbs makes this much more interesting to read.  After all, variety is the spice of life (but can make your wife angry if you use variety in the wrong way).

I consider myself as an ornithologist. That is, I enjoy studying birds. As a botanist I earned a master's degree in botanist, but I also wanted to work as a zoologist when I received my undergraduate degree in zoology.  I feel thrilled to also work as a writer and editor and I find work as an ecologist very interesting. As a 61 year old man, I see my retirement approaching .  I worked as a botanist and ecologist for the U. S. Government for 17 years.  I hope to travel to China in April.  I may stay there much longer.  I want to hear if you have any ideas for me about travel in China as a foreigner.  I often act obstinate.  I hope to represent America well when I visit in China.

Which is more interesting to read?  It took me 40 years to master the idea of writing with active verbs.  Using active verbs can also make you sound like a native speaker and a professional writer.

Post comment Comment (2 replies)

Reply Fionahere 2014-2-10 16:48
This is the first time that I have read something about grammar with so vivid examples. Thanks for sharing^ _ ^
Reply teadrinking 2014-2-10 21:43
bravo

facelist doodle 涂鸦板

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