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I suspect the word "餐厅" is where Chinese people get the word "canteen" from. I also suspect that the US military first started using the word "canteen" in China. Why? Because for Chinese people, I often hear them use the word "canteen" in this way and because the only time I have heard Americans use the word "canteen" for a cafeteria is by people in the US Army. That is, I think that US Army personnel heard Chinese people calling them "mess tent" a "餐厅" and came to call it "canteen" themselves. The "mess tent" is the 餐厅 or cafeteria used by soldiers overseas and in the field, when they eat in tents.
As for the rest of us (other Americans) we never use the term "canteen" to mean cafeteria or restaurant. A canteen is a water bottle used for hiking or by soldiers.
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