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2017年12月英语四级美文:How to Avoid Foolish Opinions

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  2017年12月英语四级美文100篇汇总

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  How to Avoid Foolish Opinions

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  To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone,

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  no superhuman genius is required.

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  A few simple rules will keep you,

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  not from all error,

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  but from silly error.

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  If the matter is one that can be settled by observation,

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  make the observation yourself.

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  Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking

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  that women have fewer teeth than men,

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  by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle

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  to keep her mouth open while he counted.

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  He did not do so because he thought he knew.

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  Thinking that you know

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  when in fact you don’t is a fatal mistake,

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  to which we are all prone.

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  Many matters, however,

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  are less easily brought to the test of experience.

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  If, like most of mankind,

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  you have convictions on many such matters,

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  there are ways in which

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  you can make yourself aware of your own bias.

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  If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry,

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  that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware

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  of having no good reason for thinking as you do.

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  If someone maintains that two and two are five,

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  you feel pity rather than anger.

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  The most savage controversies are those about matters

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  as to which there is no good evidence either way.

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  Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic,

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  because in arithmetic there is knowledge,

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  but in theology there is only opinion.

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  So whenever you find yourself getting angry

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  about a difference of opinion,

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  be on your guard; you will probably find,

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  on examination,

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  that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.

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  A good way of riding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism

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  is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own.

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  Seek out people with whom you disagree,

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  and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours.

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  If the people and the newspaper seem mad and wicked,

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  remind yourself that you seem so to them.

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  In this opinion both parties may be right,

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  but they cannot both be wrong.

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  This reflection should generate caution.

  2017年12月英语四级美文100篇汇总

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