【托福写作】如何提升论证的力度？详解写作中例证的3个角度
很多考生在托福写作中，将例证狭隘的理解为是讲一个故事，或是举个例子就行，其实这只是例证的一种角度，如果通篇都用这种方法写作，难免会让阅卷老师感觉单一与重复。其实例证有三个角度：泛例、特例与调查研究。
一、例证的重要性
没有例证的托福作文算不得是一篇好文章，在托福写作评分标准部分提到论证的展开模式有两种：reasoning、examplification.
没有具体实质内容而又假大空的论证是得不了高分的，所以例证成为托福作文论证模式的关键，一般托福独立写作的题目都要求"Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer"我们很难想象一篇没有例证的作文是如何写到400字的。
1.泛例
所谓的范例就是范举一些普遍现象来证明一个论点，不涉及具体时间和场景，如：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Nowadays, young people nowadays are more independent than before.
用泛例以后就可以是：
The easier and wider education access makes young people more independent. For example,numerous teenagers go abroad and study overseas. In the new strange circumstance,they have to solve all the problems they confront mainly by themselves. Such experience will certainly strengthen their independence.
2.特例
特例的意思就是特质具体某个事例与个案，带有情节感。特例可以是名人事例，也可以是自己身边的事，这么写可以有一种很强的真实感。如刚才那个题目，用特例的话就可以这么写：
The easier and wider access makes young people more independent. For example, my cousin who is 18 years old is studying in USA. Before he studied abroad, he relied heavily on his parents and he even didn’t know how to do the laundry.Now he can handle all his daily chores thanks to the oversea study experience.
3.调查研究
调查研究后面可以加数据，也可以加评论，不用担心你没看过什么调查研究，其实只是用调查研究的名头来增强例证的说服力。同样是上述的题目，用调查研究的话就可以是这样的：
The easier and wider access makes young people more independent. A recent survey conducted by some sociologists and psychologists suggests that the number of teenagers who study abroad is on a sharp rise in these years, which is a main contributor to the independence in their character.
二、论证力度
有实力不一定就能确保论证的力度，它只能确保论证的字数。真正论证的力度是由实力的内容决定的，举泛例时要避免点到即止，举特列时要避免太啰嗦太细节，举调查研究时要避免夸大和失真。我们要记住，不管什么例子都只为了支持论点，focus不能是例子本身。
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